EE313: ELECTRICAL

APPARATUS
AND DEVICES

Philippians 4:13 "I can do all things through him who strengthens me"
Objective
 describe a single-phase, double-wound transformer, including its
primary applications.

 • diagram the series and parallel methods of coil connection for a

double-wound transformer and for dual-voltage connections,
primary and secondary.

 • define what is meant by subtractive polarity and diagram the

connections and markings for this polarity.

 • define what is meant by additive polarity and diagram the

connections and markings for this polarity.
 • list the steps in the ac polarity test for a single-phase
transformer.

 • demonstrate good electrical safety practices.

 • describe an autotransformer, including its primary

applications.

 • identify primary taps.

SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
 The DOUBLE
WOUND
TRANSFORMER
(ISOLATING
AND
INSULATING)

- windings are
independently
isolated and insulated
from each other
Polarity

A 460//115/230 transformer may be

connected for two ratios:

460/115 or 460/230

To obtain the 460/115 ratio, the

secondary coils are connected in
parallel; the 460/230 ratio is
achieved by connecting the
secondary coils in series. To
complete these connections, the
polarity of the leads must be
determined.
POLARITY
IDENTIFYING AN UNMARKED
TRANSFORMER
 Subtractive Polarity. The tank diagram in ill. 3
shows the relationship of the induced voltages in
the primary and secondary windings for the
subtractive polarity condition. Transformers
connected in this manner have the H and X leads
located directly opposite each other. If H1 and X1
are connected together (as shown in ill. 5), the
voltage measured between H2 and X2 is less than
the primary voltage. The induced voltages opposes
the supply voltage and thus causes the secondary
induced voltage to be subtracted from the primary
voltage.

 Additive Polarity. The tank diagram in ill. 4 shows

the voltage relationship of the induced voltages for
the additive polarity connection. When H1 and X2
are connected, the voltage across H2 and X1 is
greater than the primary voltage. The measured
voltages add up to the sum of the primary and
secondary voltages.
 Terminal Markings of DTs

I. ADDITIVE POLARITY

H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2

X3 X1 X3 X1 X4 X1
X2 X2 X2 X3

ADDITIVE -X1 IS DIAGONALLY ACROSS FROM H1

 Terminal Markings of DTs

II. SUBTRACTIVE POLARITY

H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2

X1 X3 X1 X3 X1 X4
X2 X2 X3 X2

SUBTRACTIVE - X1 IS ON SAME SIDE AS H1

 POLARITY TESTING OF A TRANSFORMER

APPLY VOLTAGE HERE

(240V or 120VAC ONLY)

HV SIDE

Temporary
Shorting Vm Voltmeter
Wire (Jumper)

LV SIDE

 If Vm reads more than the applied voltage - Additive

 If Vm reads less than the applied voltage - Subtractive
TRANSFORMER PRIMARY
TAPS
 aps are nothing more than
alternative terminals which can
be connected to more closely
match the supply, primary
voltage. These taps are arranged
in increments of 2 1/2 percent or
5 percent of the primary nominal
voltage rating of the transformer
(ill. 7). This provides a job site
adjustment to ensure that the
primary of the transformer
matches the supply voltage. The
secondary will then produce the
desired secondary voltage.
TAP CHANGING OF TRANSFORMERS WITH
FIVE (5) 2.5% TAPS

A. Raising of Tap-setting
Number of Multiply Existing
Steps Voltage by

1 1.025
2 1.050
3 1.075
4 1.100
Note: No. of steps refer to the number of tap changes from the original to the new
tap position. For example, there are 3 steps from Tap 2 to Tap 5.
TAP CHANGING OF TRANSFORMERS WITH
FIVE (5) 2.5% TAPS

B. Lowering of Tap-setting
Number of Multiply Existing
Steps Voltage by

1 0.975
2 0.950
3 0.925
4 0.900
Note: No. of steps refer to the number of tap changes from the original to the new
tap position. For example, there are 4 steps from Tap 5 to Tap 1.
 External Tap-Changers
Operation
1. De-energize the DT
2. Loosen lock screw
3. Rotate switch to
desired position
4. Tighten lock screw
5. Energize the DT

Lock Screw
Other Types of External Tap-Changers
Internal View of a DT With an
External Tap-Changer

Tap-
Changer
AUTOTRANSFORMER
 An auto transformer is
a transformer in which
a part of the winding
is common to both
primary and secondary
circuits.
 Typical Distribution Transformer
Tap Changer
(External/Internal) Primary H2
Primary H1 Bushing
Bushing (At the Back)

Secondary
(X1, X2, X3)
KVA Bushings
Rating

Company Nameplate
Number (Hidden)
 Symbols Used in Transformer Voltage Ratings

NAME SYMBOL APPLICATION EXAMPLES

To separate the voltage

Dash
- rating or ratings of
separate windings.
7620 V
- 240/120 V

To separate voltage to be 13200 GRDY

/ 7620 V -
Slash
/ applied or to be obtained
120 240 V
from the same winding. /
To designate separate
voltages which can be
obtained by reconnecting 13200 GRDY / 7620 V -
Cross X the coils of a winding in 120/240
X 139/277 V
series or multiple
combinations
 DT Nameplate Sample

Primary
Voltage Rating KVA Rating

Secondary
Voltage
Rating Polarity
(Additive)

Voltage
Rating Schematic
per tap Diagrams
position
A Transformer Rated 13200 Grd.Y/7620 V
Three-phase Transformer Connections

The following are the four possible connections to

construct a three-phase transformer:
1. Wye – Wye (Y – Y)
2. Wye – Delata (Y – Δ)
3. Delta – Wye (Δ – Y)
4. Delta – Delta (Δ – Δ )
Wye – Wye Connection
Wye – Wye Connection
Wye – Wye Connection
THREE-PHASE, FOUR-WIRE WYE
CONNECTION (WYE-WYE)
Wye – Delta Connection
Wye – Delta Connection
Wye – Delta Connection
Delta – Wye Connection
Delta – Wye Connection
Delta – Delta Connection
Delta – Delta Connection
Open – Δ connection (V – V)

=− ܸ∠0°− ܸ∠− 120°

ࢂ࡯ = ࢂ∠૚૛૙°
Open – Y - Open – Δ connection
The Scott – T connection

The Scott T consists of two single-phase transformers with identical

ratings. One has a tap on its primary winding at 86.6 percent of full-
load voltage. The 86.6 percent tap of transformer T2 is connected to the
center tap of transformer Tl. The voltages applied to the primary
winding and the resulting voltages applied to the primaries of the two
transformers Since these voltages are 90° apart, they result in a two-
phase output.
Three-Phase T Connection

The Scott-T connection uses two transformers to convert three-phase power to two-
phase power at a different voltage level. By a simple modification of that connection,
the same two transformers can also convert three-phase power to three-phase power at
a different voltage level.
THREE-PHASE
TRANSFORMERS
 Voltages on three-phase systems may be transformed using three-phase
transformers. The core of a three-phase transformer is made with three legs. A
primary and a secondary winding of one phase are placed on each of the three
legs. These transformers may be connected in delta-delta, wye-wye, delta-wye
or wye-delta. The connections are made inside the transformer case. For
delta-delta connections, three high-voltage and three low-voltage leads are
brought out. Four leads are brought out when any wye-connected windings
are used. This fourth lead is necessary for the neutral wire connection.

 The three-phase transformer occupies less space than three single-phase

transformers because the windings can be placed on one core in the three-
phase transformer case, ( 5). The efficiency of a three-phase transformer is
higher than the overall efficiency of three single-phase transformers
connected in a three-phase bank.
• If a single-phase transformer in a three-phase
bank becomes defective it can be replaced
quickly. The resultant power interruption is
brief.
• If one of the phase windings becomes
defective, the entire three-phase unit must be
taken out of service.
Problem:
Seatwork: