CE – 307

Credits: 3 + 0
Min. Contact Hours: 48
Batch: UG CE 2k20
Fall 2022 Semester

Structural Analysis-II

Lecture 1 – Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures

Atif Rasheed Baloch

Lecturer Civil Engineering Department
NUST Balochistan Campus, Quetta,
Pakistan
Cell: 92-333-7714643, Email: atif.rahan82@gmail.com
 Contents
• Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Indeterminate Structures
• Methods of Analysis
• Force Method
• Solved Examples

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 Introduction
• When all the forces in a structure can be determined strictly from available equilibrium
equations, the structure is referred to as STATICALLY DETERMINATE.
• Structures having more unknown forces than available equilibrium equations are called
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE.
• For a coplanar structure there are at most three equilibrium equations for each part, so that
if there is a total of n parts and r force and moment reaction components, we have

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 Advantages & Disadvantages of Indeterminate Structures

The advantages of statically indeterminate structures over determinate structures include the following.

The maximum stresses in

statically indeterminate
structures are generally
lower than those in
comparable determinate
structures.

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 Advantages & Disadvantages of Indeterminate Structures

The advantages of statically indeterminate structures over determinate structures include the following.

Statically indeterminate structures

generally have higher stiffnesses
(i.e., smaller deformations), than
those of comparable determinate
structures. From Fig., we observe
that the maximum deflection of the
indeterminate beam is only one-fifth
that of the determinate beam.

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 Advantages & Disadvantages of Indeterminate Structures

The advantages of statically indeterminate structures over determinate structures include the following.

Statically indeterminate structures,

if properly designed, have the
capacity for redistributing loads
when certain structural portions
become overstressed or collapse in
cases of overloads due to
earthquakes, tornadoes, impact
(e.g., gas explosions or vehicle
impacts), and other such events.

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 Advantages & Disadvantages of Indeterminate Structures

The main disadvantages of statically indeterminate structures, over determinate structures, are the
following.

Support settlements do not cause

any stresses in determinate
structures; they may, however,
induce significant stresses in
indeterminate structures, which
should be taken into account when
designing indeterminate structures.

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 Advantages & Disadvantages of Indeterminate Structures

The main disadvantages of statically indeterminate structures, over determinate structures, are the
following.

Like support settlements, these effects do not cause stresses in determinate

structures but may induce significant stresses in INDETERMINATE ones.

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 Methods of Analysis

When analyzing any indeterminate structure, it is necessary to satisfy equilibrium, compatibility, & force-displacement
requirements for the structure.
Equilibrium is satisfied when the reactive forces hold the structure at rest. In the
flexibility method, we will satisfy the equilibrium requirement by using the equations
of static equilibrium in each step of the analysis.

Compatibility is satisfied when the various segments of the structure fit together without intentional breaks or overlaps.

The force-displacement requirements depend upon the way the structure’s material responds to
loads. In this text we have assumed this to be a linear elastic response.

In general, there are two different ways to satisfy these three requirements. For a statically
indeterminate structure, they are the FORCE OR FLEXIBILITY METHOD, and the
DISPLACEMENT OR STIFFNESS METHOD.

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 Methods of Analysis
Force Method Displacement Method
• The force method was originally developed by James • The displacement method of analysis is based on first
Clerk Maxwell in 1864 and later refined by Otto Mohr and writing force-displacement relations for the members and
Heinrich Müller-Breslau. then satisfying the equilibrium requirements for the
structure.
• This method was one of the first available for the analysis
of statically indeterminate structures. • In this case the unknowns in the equations are
displacements.
• Since compatibility forms the basis for this method, it has
sometimes been referred to as the compatibility method or
the method of consistent deformation/displacements.

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 Force Method (Flexibility Method)

The flexibility method, also called the method of consistent deformations or the method of superposition, is a
procedure for analyzing linear elastic indeterminate structures.

Flexibility method can be applied to almost any type of structure, the computational effort increases exponentially
with the degree of indeterminacy.

Therefore, the method is most attractive when applied to structures with a low degree of indeterminacy.

The method, which was introduced by James C. Maxwell in 1864, essentially involves removing
enough restraints from the indeterminate structure to render it statically determinate.

This determinate structure, which
must be statically stable, is referred
to as the primary structure.
Structural Analysis - II (Atif Rasheed Baloch)
The excess restraints removed from
the given indeterminate structure to
convert it into the determinate primary
structure are called redundant
restraints, and the reactions or internal
forces associated with these restraints
are termed redundant.
The redundants are then applied
as unknown loads on the
primary structure, and their
values are determined by solving
the compatibility equations
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 Force Method (Flexibility Method)

Why is this method called FORCE METHOD?

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 STRUCTURES WITH A SINGLE DEGREE OF INDETERMINACY
 The degree of indeterminacy of the beam is equal to the
number of unknown reactions minus the number of
equilibrium equations — that is, — which indicates that
the beam has one more, or redundant, reaction than
necessary for static stability.

 The presence of support C imposes the compatibility

condition on the deflected shape of the beam that the
deflection at C must be zero (Fig. a); that is,

This determinate beam is referred to as the primary beam.

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 STRUCTURES WITH A SINGLE DEGREE OF INDETERMINACY

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 STRUCTURES WITH A SINGLE DEGREE OF INDETERMINACY

From Beam Deflection Formulae

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 STRUCTURES WITH A SINGLE DEGREE OF INDETERMINACY

(13.5)

With the reaction Cy known, the three remaining reactions can now be
determined by applying the three equilibrium equations to the free body
of the indeterminate beam

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 Moment as the Redundant

When analyzing a structure by the method of consistent deformations, we

can choose any support reaction or internal force (or moment) as the
redundant, provided that the removal of the corresponding restraint from the
given indeterminate structure results in a primary structure that is statically
determinate and stable.
Let us consider the analysis of the beam by using the reaction moment M A
as the redundant.

(13.7)

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 Moment as the Redundant
(13.7)

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Solved Examples

(1)

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 Solved Examples

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 Solved Examples

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Thank you for your attention

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