“Study of water harvesting 1

through condensation In Tripura”

PRESENTED BY :
SHUBHAM AGARWAL (17UME099)
KHASRANG JAMATIA(17UME002)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF :

Dr. DIPAK CHANDRA DAS

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

AGARTALA
Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering
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INDEX
SL No TITLE SLIDE NO
1 Water Harvesting 3
2 Need of Water Harvestation in Tripura 4
3 Condensation 5
4 Forms of Condensation 7
5 Categories 8
6 Literature Review 11
7 Scope of Work 15
8 Objectives 16
9 Initial Proposed Design and Model 17-18
10 Conclusion 19
11 References 20
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WATER HARVESTING

The term ‘water harvesting’ generally refers to the collection and extraction
of water in order to provide suitable water for human, animal, or crop use.
The water thus collected can either be utilized immediately, as for irrigation
etc.Globally, the number of people lacking access to water is 2.1 billion,
while 4.5 billion people have inadequate sanitation and clean water source.
The latter, has led to risk of infected by diseases, such as cholera and typhoid
fever and other water-borne illnesses. As a result, the world has witnessed
340 000 children under five die each year from diarrheal diseases alone.
NEED OF WATER 4

HARVESTATION IN TRIPURA

Tripura lies in a geographically disadvantageous location in India, as only one major

highway, the National Highway 8, connects it with the rest of the country. The state has a
tropical savannah climate, and receives seasonal heavy rains from the south west monsoon.
Many interior tribal localities in Tripura are facing acute drinking water crisis mainly caused
by the dry spell. The drinking water and sanitation (DWS) department has arranged for
supply of water by mobile tankers to help out distressed people.
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CONDENSATION

• The transformation of water vapour into water is called condensation.

• Condensation is caused by the loss of heat (latent heat of condensation, opposite of latent heat of
vaporization).
• When moist air is cooled, it may reach a level when its capacity to hold water vapour ceases
(Saturation Point = 100% Relative Humidity = Dew Point reached).
• In free air, condensation results from cooling around very small particles termed as hygroscopic
condensation nuclei.
• Condensation also takes place when the moist air comes in contact with some colder object and it
may also take place when the temperature is close to the dew point.

Condensation, therefore, depends upon the amount of cooling and the relative humidity of the air.
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FORMS OF CONDENSATION
The forms of condensation can be classified on the basis of temperature at which the dew point
is reached.
Condensation can take place when the dew point is

• lower than the freezing point,

• higher than the freezing point.

White frost, snow and some clouds (cirrus clouds) are produced when the temperature is
lower than the freezing point.
Dew, fog and clouds result even when the temperature is higher than the freezing point.
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CATEGORIES

 ATMOSPHERIC FOG HARVESTING

The traditional fog collecting method is very simple, comprising a
mesh exposed to the atmosphere over which the fog is driven by the
wind. Two posts on guy wires are used to support the mesh and
cables to suspend the mesh. Water droplets trapped by the mesh
accumulate and drain under gravity into the channels of the water
collection system. Collectors can be usefully classified as standard
fog collectors (SFCs) and large fog collectors (LFCs).

Source :www.downtoearth.org.in/
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 DEW WATER HARVESTING

Water vapor is ubiquitous in the atmosphere, so, if condensed by

cooling, freshwater can be harvested at many locations.
Nevertheless, the condensation process is more
thermodynamically complicated than fog harvesting. the process
involves a significant release of heat.
Water droplets that are formed due to the condensation of water
vapor on a surface at temperature below its dew point
temperature are called dew water

Source :www.downtoearth.org.in/
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Categories of atmospheric water

harvesting techniques.
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LITERATURE REVIEW

 Paper Name-Water vapour condensation and collection by super-hydrophilic and super-

hydrophobic VACNTs.
Findings : The results reached in this work show that patterned surfaces are better than
homogeneous one for inducing water condensation

 Paper Name-Enhanced membrane systems to harvest water and provide comfortable air
via dehumidification & moisture condensation
Findings : They proposed a combined hollow fibre membrane system to provide comfortable
air via dehumidification and to produce clean water via condensation
 Paper Name-Enhancement of water collection and transport in bioinspired triangular.
Findings : Water collection experiments were carried out on triangular patterns under fog,
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condensation and combination of both. When a hydrophilic substrate was cooled down to 5 C in
the fog flow, the droplets grew faster, and the estimated water collection was increased to about
two times that of the rate in just fog condition
 Paper Name- Namib desert beetle inspired special patterned fabric with programmable and
gradient wettability for efficient fog harvesting
Findings : a fabric with two different wettability regions with copper coating was prepared via a
simple weaving method, the Cu-SHB-SHL patterned fabric reached 1432.7 mg/h/cm2, higher
than the other 7 reference surface patterns.

 Paper Name-Performance analyses of a new system for water harvesting from moist air that
combines multi-stage desiccant wheels and vapour compression cycles
Findings :Optimal system configurations, design parameters of desiccant wheels, heat pump
systems were suggested and operational parameters, such as condensing temperature, outlet
humidity ratio, were recommended.
 Paper Name- Modelling humid air condensation in waste natural gas-powered atmospheric water
harvesting systems 13
Findings : This work presented a novel modelling framework for evaluating the performance of flared
natural gas-based water harvesting systems. While this work analysed flared gas in oilfields, the
model can also be used to predict water harvests using other waste gas streams
 Paper Name-Water Harvesting Method via a Hybrid Super-wet table Coating with Super-
hydrophobic and Super-Hydrophilic Nanoparticles
Findings : In this paper, a wet ability controllable HSW surface fabrication method with low cost and
convenient preparation is proposed.

 Paper Name-Performance analyses of a new system for water harvesting from moist air that
combines multi-stage desiccant wheels and vapour compression cycles
Findings :Optimal system configurations, design parameters of desiccant wheels, heat pump systems
were suggested and operational parameters, such as condensing temperature, outlet humidity ratio,
were recommended. the surface condensation properties of the respective sample (S200) are improved
due to the presence of super-hydrophilic regions, and it demonstrate excellent water harvesting effect
and commendable wetting stability.
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 Poject Name-The cloud harvester: catches and stores fresh water from fog. By Choiniere-
Shields E (2013).
Findings : The Cloud Harvester is an ingenious device that is designed to catch and condense fog
into water droplets which, in turn, run down a stainless steel mesh into a water storage container.
The device represents a quantum leap in water collection efficiency, and it’s ideally suited for poor,
rural, mountainous, coastal regions with little freshwater resources or infrastructure.
 Project Name-Warka Water.
Findings: a unique wooden atmospheric water harvesting project.target is to develop a prototype
that is lightweight (about 80 kg), easy and quick to build using local materials without using
scaffolding and power tools. They intend to use bamboo for the frame structure, while the water
catchment system will be made from biodegradable mesh 100% recyclable materials.
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SCOPE OF WORK

From the detailed literature reviews on various water condensation, water harvesting
processes and related process enhancement ideas, it can be deduced that various
enhancements and techniques can be adopted for solving a water crisis taking into
considerations:
 Capacity required
 Availability of Energy source
 Availability of Materials
 Environmental Conditions
 Economics of setup and running
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OBJECTIVES

 Assessing the conditions in region of deployment.

 Design a model for water harvesting in Tripura.
 To make a design that is feasible.
 Use of bamboo (highly available in Tripura) for the supporting structure.
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INITIAL PROPOSED DESIGN

Using the reference and findings in literature survey mentioned above, we propose to design a
Fog Collector with following key properties.
 Material of mesh – Cu-SHB-SHL patterned fabric
 Supporting structure – Bamboo
 Working principle – Cloud harvester
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Micro structured coated Mesh
Supporting bamboo structure

Cover for water collection

Outlet to storage

Proposed CAD MODEL

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CONCLUSION

I would like to thank my professor “Dr. DIPAK CHANDRA DAS“ for encouraging me to explore my
ideas and present it.
We read the various developments in water harvesting techniques and various experiments carried out
to improve the characteristics of the process.
We came up with a model and concept using findings in our survey. Our design is based on cloud
harvester and we proposed an initial design of fog collector having bamboo used as supporting structure
, a special mesh for fog collection and a sheet for efficient collection of water.
We have given more emphasis on the cost and ease of operation since regions in Tripura where water
scarcity happens is not much privileged.
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REFERENCES
 Diamond and Related Materials by Rang Tua and Yunho
Wikipedia Hwangb in year 2019.
Google.com
Cloud harvester by -Choiniere-Shields E (2013)
 Diamond and Related Materials, vol 87 by Romario Araujo
Energy Conversion and Management by Na Zhu, Zhenjun and Shengwai Pinheiro, Amanda Araujo Silva, Vladimir Jesus Trava-Airoldi,
Wang in year 2009. (www.elsevier.com/locate/enconman) Evaldo José Corata in year 2019. (
Applied Thermal Engineering by Onur Ozkan, Enakshi D. www.elsevier.com/locate/diamond)
Wikramanayake, Vaibhav Bahadur in year 2017. (  Journal of Colloid and Interface Science by Dong Song and
www.elsevier.com/locate/apthermeng)
International Journal of Refrigeration 27 (2004 839-849) by Belen Zalba,
Bharat Bhushan in year 2019. (
Jose M. Marin, Luisa F. Cabeza and Harald Mehling in year 2004 . ( www.elsevier.com/locate/jcis)
ww-w.elsevier.com/locate/ijrefrig)  Applied Surface Science by Xikui Wang, Jia Zeng, Xinquan
Advances in Mechanical Engineering 2017 (vol. 9) 1-20 by Lin Zheng,
Yu, Caihua Liang and Youfa Zhang in year 2018. (
Wei Zhang and Fei Liang in year 2017. (www.sagepub.com/home/ade)
Applied Energy by D.Zhou, C.Y. Zhao and Y.Tian in year 2011. (
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.09.210)
www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy)  Journal of Materials Science and Technology by Zhihua Yu,
Huimei Zhang, Zhong Chen and Yueun Lai in year 2020. (
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.05.054)
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THANK YOU
FOR YOUR PRECIOUS
TIME.