LEARNING TARGETS

In this learning module, you are expected to . . .

 identify sources of literature

 synthesize information from relevant literature
 cite related literature using standard styles (APA, MLA or Chicago
Manual of Style)
 list references
 follow ethical standards in writing related literature
 presents written review of related literature
What is a Literature Review?
• Comprehensive classification and evaluation of
what other researchers have written about your
topic
• It gives justification as to how your research will fit
into the existing body of knowledge.
• It is a process of obtaining relevant and important
information or materials related to the research topic.
Steps in Doing a Literature Review
Creswell (2005) identified five steps in conducting a literature
review.

1. Identify key terms to use in your search for literature.

2. Locate the literature about a topic by consulting several
types of materials and databases.
3. Evaluate and select the literature critically for your review.
4. Organize the literature you have selected.
5. Write the literature review.
How do you select a Relevant Literature?

• Identify the best publications

• Find literature which was published in the last five
years
• Find literature that provides an important contribution to
the understanding of your problem or topic.
What questions must be asked about the materials
that you have included in your study?
• What issue or problem has the author formulated?
• What do you think is the orientation of the researcher?
• Does the author provide contrasting results from previous
researches?
• What research design did the author use in the paper?
• How does the author structure the arguments in the
paper?
How to Write a Literature Review?

• Introduction to establish focus and significance of

your study.
• This is where you give an overview, define
important key words, and inform readers of the
limitations of the review.
How to Write a Literature Review?

• Body that summarizes and evaluates the existing

knowledge in the field.
• Layout the groundwork and background information
about your topic
• contains discussion on the similarities and differences of
findings from several articles and how they are related to
the present study
How to Write a Literature Review?

• Conclusion or synthesis highlights the research

gaps that your study intends to fill.
• summarizes the trend and themes that you have
observed
• how the review provides the necessary context and
rationale for your problem statement
How should you organize your literature review?

• Chronological
• Thematic or Conceptual
• Methodological

• Use of words such as “likewise”, “similarly”

• “On the contrary”, “however”, “by contrast”, “on the
other hand” or “alternatively”
Formative Assessment No. 1
Directions: Identify whether the following statements are
True or False.
1. The review of related literature is important only during
the early phase of the research so that you can obtain
additional information on your selected topic.
2. The review of related literature is essential so that
research would be original and not a duplication of
somebody else’s work.
3. A well-written literature review makes it possible to
address potential weaknesses of your study since the
strengths and weaknesses of the previous studies have
been identified.
4. A literature review puts your study in the context of
what is current and up-to-date with your topic.
5. It is an acceptable practice for a researcher to
duplicate the research of others; thus, there is no need
to review the literature.
What is the importance of citing sources in writing
your literature review?
• It is ethical that you appropriately acknowledge the
sources of information that you used in your
manuscript.
• Citation is the process of acknowledging the
sources of information.
What is the importance of citing sources in writing
your literature review?
• References will demonstrate the through literature
search and readings that you have done to create your
research.
• Bibliography contains complete listing of resources
conferred with in relation to the study being conducted.
What are the different citation styles? How do they
differ from one another?
CITATION STYLE
American Psychological
Association (APA)
Modern Language Association
(MLA)
Chicago Manual of Style/
Turabian Style
Turabian
FIELD OF STUDY
Psychology, Education and other
social sciences
Literature, arts and humanities
Arts and Humanities
Literature, History and arts
 In-Text Citation and Referencing Styles

Aspect APA System MLA System

Full surname first,
Full surname first,
Writing the followed by full first
then followed by
Author’s name and optional
initials of first and
name initial of the middle
middle name
name
 In-Text Citation and Referencing Styles
Aspect APA System MLA System
Italicized title with
Writing the only the beginning Underlined or
title of the word capitalized italicized title with all
reading (exceptional: capital content words
material for every proper capitalized
noun)
 In-Text Citation and Referencing Styles

Aspect APA System MLA System

Writing the
Written after Written after
copyright
author’s name publisher’s name
date
 Example of MLA Referencing Style
1. Citation or In-Text Citation
(Zobel 287)
(Lopena, Torres, Bado 90-150)
(Carlos, et. al. 134-150)
(Gorio: 1:66-70)
2. Bibliography/ References

Decena, Fely G.
Globalization. (Quezon City:
GB Press.
 Example of APA Referencing Style
1. Citation or In-Text Citation
(Lopena, 2016) (Olivarezz, 2017)
(Cortez, Mabeza, Brado, 2016, pp. 120-130)
(Ligos, et. al., 2016)
According to Flores (2017). . .
2. Bibliography/ References

Floro, J. A. (2016). The ColdVirus. Quezon City: GB

Press
Formative Assessment No. 2
• Directions: Identify the referencing style used in the following.
Write APA for American Psychological Association Style or
MLA if Modern Language Association is applied.

1. Bankoff, G. (2001)
2. Pasay City: ABC Press, 2016
3. The Korean Novelas.
4. Olivarez, 2017
5. Ligos et al., 2016
Formative Assessment No. 2
• Directions: Identify the style used in the
following.
referencingWrite APA for American Psychological Association
Style or MLA if Modern Language Association is applied.
6. Zobel 287
7. Gorio: 1:66-70
8. The Cold Virus
9. Certeza, Nina and David, Jose
10. Makati City: Rex Press
What are the Ways of Citing a Source Material?
1. As a direct quote (authors’ last names, date, and page
number after the quoted text).

2. As a paraphrase (authors’ last names, year)

3. As a summary (authors’ last names, year).

How is it important to make a reference list or
bibliography?
• To provide that the study is based on academic works
• To locate the sources of the cited texts in the study
• To share additional knowledge and information about the
topic under study
• To confirm the basis of the study’s hypothesis
• To show respect and appreciation to the author of the
study and to avoid plagiarism
What ethical issues can be avoided if you properly
followed manner of citation and referencing?
• Acknowledged the owners of borrowed ideas and put
quotation marks around copied words from books or
articles
• Proper citation and referencing is your way of freeing
yourself from plagiarism
• Avoiding people from casting doubts on your honesty and
integrity as a researcher
Formative Assessment No. 3
Directions: Identify if the following research situations need
to be referenced or not.
1. A teacher records the number of the correct answers
that her students obtained in a science quiz.
2. Ninety-five percent of today’s youth spent at least
two hours using the computer for online games
and/or social networking sites.
3. A student surveyed 20 of her classmates, asked about their
favorite TV show, and reported the results in her class.
4. A researcher proposed a theory that today’s youth (the Z
generation) experiences difficulty in writing and
composing sentences because of their exposure to media
and various social networking sites.
5. A group of scientists experiments on the capability of
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) sap as alternative
glue.
References:

• Baraceros, E.L. 2016. Practical Research 2. 1st Ed. Rex

Book Store Inc. Manila. pp. 51-62
• Solano, I.P., David, O.M and A.A. Espinosa. 2019. Practical
Research 2. 2nd Ed. DIWA Learning System Inc. Makati City.
pp. 20-25, 33-43