FHMM1014 Topic 4 Trigonometry Student

Centre For Foundation Studies
Department of Sciences and Engineering
FHMM1014 Mathematics I
Topic 4
Trigonometry
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 1
Topics
• Trigonometric Functions of Angles
• Evaluating Trigonometric Functions for all Angles
• Trigonometric Identities
• Area of Triangles
• The Law of Sines
– The Ambiguous Case
• The Law of Cosines
• Simplifying Trigonometric Expression
• Proving Trigonometric Identities
Topics
• Addition and Subtraction Formulas
• Double Angle Formulas
• Half Angle Formulas
• Sum to Product Formulas
• Solving Trigonometric Equations
• Equations involving Trigonometric functions of
Multiple Angles
• Expression of the form A sin x + B cos x
Trigonometric
Functions of angles
Trigonometric Functions
Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we see that the hypotenuse has

2 2
length r  x  y .
y
Thus, sin  
r
x
cos  
r
y
tan  
x
The other trigonometric ratios can be found in the same way.
r
csc   ( y  0)
y
r
sec   ( x  0)
x
x
cot   ( y  0)
y
Fundamental Identities
Reciprocal Identities
1 1 1
csc x  , sec x  , cot x 
sin x cos x tan x
sin x cos x
tan x  , cot x 
cos x sin x
Cofunction Identities
Cofunction Identities
   
sin      cos  cos      sin 
2  2 
   
tan      cot  cot      tan 
2  2 
   
sec      csc  csc      sec 
2  2 
Evaluating Trigonometric
Functions for All Angles
9
Evaluating Trigonometric Functions
for All Angles
The values of the trigonometric functions are all
positive if the angle θ has its terminal side in
quadrant I.
– This is because x and y are positive in this
quadrant.
– r is always positive since it is simply the
distance from the origin to the point P(x, y).
Evaluating Trigonometric Functions
for All Angles
However, if the terminal side of θ is in quadrant
II, x is negative and y is positive.
– Thus, in quadrant II, the functions sin θ and
csc θ are positive, and all the other
trigonometric functions have negative values.
The same reasoning applies to quadrant III and
quadrant IV.
Signs of the Trigonometric
Functions
Quadrant Positive Negative
Functions Functions
I all None
II sin, csc cos, sec, tan, cot
III tan, cot sin, csc, cos, sec
IV cos, sec sin, csc, tan, cot
Signs of the Trigonometric
Functions
The mnemonic to remember which
trigonometric functions are positive in each
quadrant:
All of them, Sine, Tangent, or Cosine
– You can remember this as:

“All Students Take Calculus.”
If 0    90    acute angle
If   90    obtuse angle
Signs of the Trigonometric Functions
Quadrant II Quadrant I If   30 (Quadrant I) :
sin 30  sin   sin 30
cos30  cos   cos30
tan30  tan   tan30
S A
If   150 (Quadrant II) :


sin150  sin   sin 30
cos150   cos   cos30
   tan150   tan    tan30
T
C
If   240  120 (Quadrant III):
sin 240   sin    sin 60
cos240   cos   cos60
Quadrant III Quadrant IV tan 240  tan   tan60
sine, cosine and tangent of
30, 45, 60
The exact value (surd form) of trigonometric functions
at certain fundamental angles 30, 45, 60 :
1   1  3
sin 30  , sin 45  , sin 60 
2 2 2
3
  1  1
cos 30  , cos 45  , cos 60 
2 2 2
 1
tan 30  , tan 45  1, tan 60  3
3
sine, cosine and tangent of
30, 45, 60
Show:
tan 45  1  hypotenuse = 2
1
sin 45  cos 45 
2
 1
sin 30   adjacent side = 3
2
1
cos 60  sin 30 
2
  3
sin 60  cos 30 
2
 1
tan 30  , tan 60  3
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 3 16
Example 1
(a) cos 135°
Evaluate
(b) tan 390°
and express the answers in surd form.
1 1
Ans: (a)  (b)
2 3
Example 1 Solution
   1 
(a) cos135   cos(180  135 )   cos 45  
2
   1 
(b) tan 390  tan(390  360 )  tan 30 
3
Note: Other angles in exact form
sin 15   sin  45  30   
cos 105   cos  45  60   
tan  75   tan  60  15   
Trigonometric functions are
also known as circular
functions.
We move in a counter-
clockwise direction if t is
positive and in a clockwise
direction if t is negative.
Even-Odd Properties
• Sine, cosecant, tangent, and cotangent are odd
functions.
• Cosine and secant are even functions.
sin( )   sin  csc(  )   csc 

cos( )  cos  sec( )  sec 
tan( )   tan  cot( )   cot 
Example 2
Use the even-odd properties of the trigonometric
functions to determine each value.
 
(a) sin   
 6
 
(b) cos   
 4
1 2
Ans: (a)  (b)
2 2
Example 2 Solution
    1
(a) sin      sin    
 6 6 2
    1 2
(b) cos     cos    
 4 4 2 2
Trigonometric
Identities
23
Trigonometric Identities
The trigonometric functions of angles are related
to each other through several important equations
called trigonometric identities.
Pythagorean Identities
2 2
sin   cos   1
2 2
tan   1  sec 
2 2
1  cot   csc 
Proof:
Let the hypotenuse be of unit length..
By Pythagoras’ theorem,
sin 2   cos 2   1
2 2 1 2
 cos  , tan   1  2
 sec 
cos 
1
 sin 2  , 2
1  cot   2
 csc 2

sin 
Example 3
(a) Express sin θ in terms of cos θ, where θ is

in quadrant I.
(b) Express tan θ in terms of sin θ, where θ is

in quadrant II.
sin 
Ans : (a) 1  cos 2  (b) 
1  sin 2 
Example 3 Solution
(a) sin 2   cos 2   1

sin 2   1  cos 2   sin   1  cos 2 
sin 
(b) tan  
cos 
cos    1  sin 2 
sin 
tan   
1  sin 2 
Example 4
2
If tan   and θ is in quadrant III, find cos θ.
3
3
Ans : 
13
Example 4 Partial Solution
tan   tan  
cos    cos  
Example 5
If sec θ = 2 and θ is in quadrant IV, find the other
five trigonometric functions of θ.
3 1 1 2
Ans : sin    , cos   , tan    3, cot    , csc   
2 2 3 3
Example 5 Solution
1
sec   sec   2
cos 
3
sin    sin   
2
1
cos   cos  
2
tan    tan    3
1 1
cot    cot    
tan  3
1 2
csc    csc    
sin  3
Area of Triangles
33
Areas of Triangles
If θ is an acute angle, the height of the triangle in
the figure is given by h = b sin θ.
Thus, the area is:
1
A   base  height
2
1
= ab sin 
2
Areas of Triangles
• If the angle θ is not acute, the height of the
triangle is:
h = b sin(180° – θ)
= b sin θ
1
2
1
= ab sin 
2
Areas of Triangles
Thus, in this case also, the area of the triangle is:
1
2
1
= ab sin 
2
Area of a Triangle
The area A of a triangle with sides of lengths a
and b and with included angle θ is:
1
A  ab sin 
2
Example 6
Find the area of triangle ABC shown below.
15 3
Ans:
2
Example 6 Solution
1
A  10  3  sin120
2
1 
 10  3  sin 60
2
15 3

2
Heron’s Formula
The area A of a triangle ABC is given by
A  ss  a s  b s  c 
where s = ½(a + b + c) is the semi-perimeter of

the triangle - that is, s is half the perimeter.
Example 7
A businessman wishes to buy a triangular lot in a busy
downtown location.
The frontages of the lot faces
three adjacent streets with
length 125, 280, and 315 ft.
Find the area of the lot.
Ans: 17, 451.65 sq ft

Example 7 Solution
1
s  (125  280  315)  360 ft
2
A  s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
 360 360  125 360  280 360  315 
 360(235)(80)(45)  17, 451.65 sq ft
The Law of Sines
43
Introduction
The trigonometric functions can also be used
to solve right-angled and oblique triangles.
We use the following convention of labeling:
- The angles of a triangle as A, B, C.
- The lengths of the corresponding opposite
sides as a, b, c.
Two Angles and Included Side
For instance, if we are given two angles and the
included side, then it’s clear that one and only
one triangle can be formed.
Two Sides and Included Angle
Similarly, if two sides and the included angle are
known, then a unique triangle is determined.
Three Angles and No Sides
However, if we know all three angles and no
sides, we cannot uniquely determine the triangle.
– Many triangles can have the same three
angles.
– All these triangles would be similar.
Solving a Triangle
In general, a triangle is determined by three of its
six parts (angles and sides) as long as at least one
of these three parts is a side.
The possibilities are as follows.
Determining a Triangle
Case Angles and Sides Abbreviation
1 One side and two angles ASA/SAA
2 Two sides and the angle opposite SSA
one of those sides (ambiguous)
3 Two sides and the included angle SAS
4 Three sides SSS
Cases 1 and 2 are solved using the Law of Sines.

Cases
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 3 and 4 require the Law of Cosines. 49
Law of Sines
In any triangle, the lengths of the sides are
proportional to the sines of the corresponding
opposite angles.
In triangle ABC, we have:
sin A sin B sin C

 
a b c
Law of Sines
Proof:
h
sin A   h  b sin A
b
h
sin B   h  a sin B
a
 b sin A  a sin B
sin A sin B

a b
Repeat with a different side,
sin A sin B sin C
 
aI
FHMM1014 Mathematics b c 51
Example 8
A satellite orbiting the earth passes directly overhead at
observation stations in Phoenix and Los Angeles, 340
miles apart. At an instant when it is between these two
stations, its angle of elevation is simultaneously observed
to be 60° at Phoenix and 75° at Los Angeles.
How far is the satellite from

Los Angeles?
Ans: 416.41 miles

Example 8 Solution
   
C  180  75  60  45
sin 60 sin 45

b 340
340sin 60
b 
 416.41 mi
sin 45
Example 9
Solve the triangle in the figure below.
Ans: B  135 , a  65.1, b  134.5

B 
a
b
Example 10
The ratio of three angles in a triangle is 4 : 5 : 6.

Given that its perimeter is 100 cm, find the
longest side of the triangle.
Ans: 37.15
Example 10 Solution
Let the three angles be A, B, C.

4 5
A   180  48 , B   180  60
 
15 15
C  180  48  60  72
C is the largest angle  c  longest side
sin 48 sin 72 c sin 48
  a 
 0.7814 c
a c sin 72
sin 60 sin 72 c sin 60
  b 
 0.9106 c
b c sin 72
a  b  c  100  0.7814 c  0.9106 c  c  100  c  37.15
The Ambiguous
Case
58
The Ambiguous Case
Case 1 (ASA or SAA), Case 3 (SAS) and Case 4 (SSS)
always yield a triangle which is uniquely defined.
However, in Case 2 (SSA), there may be two triangles,

one triangle, or no triangle with the given properties.
For this reason, Case 2 is sometimes called the
ambiguous case.
The Ambiguous Case
There are 5 possibilities when angle A and sides a and b
(SSA) are given:
ba ba ba

a  height a  height
The Ambiguous Case
• In part (a), no solution is possible.
- side a is too short to complete the triangle.
• In part (b), the solution is a right triangle.
• In part (c), two solutions are possible.
Ambiguity occurs only when b  a for SSA case.

The Ambiguous Case
ba ba
Part (d) and part (e) produce unique triangles for the
given information and there is no ambiguity.
Example 11
Solve the triangle ABC, where:
0
A  45
a7 2
b7
Note: Since it is a SSA case, b < a, a triangle is uniquely
defined.
Ans: B  300 , C  1050 , c  13.5

Example 11 Solution
sin 450 sin B


7 2 7
7 sin 450
sin B 
7 2
 B  300 , 1500 (invalid)
C  1800  450  300  1050
sin 450 sin1050

7 2 c
7 2 sin1050
c 0
 13.5
sin 45
Example 12
Solve the triangle ABC if:

A  43.1
a  186.2
b  248.6
Note: Since it is a SSA case, b > a, ambiguity may occur.
Ans: B  65.80 , C  71.10 , c  257.8; B '  114.20 , C '  22.7 0 , c  105.2
Example 12 Solution
sin 43.10 sin B


186.2 248.6
B '  1800  65.80  114.20
248.6sin 43.10
sin B   B  65.80 C '  1800  43.10  114.20  22.7 0
186.2
C  1800  43.10  65.80  71.10 sin 43.10 sin 22.7 0

186.2 c
sin 43.10 sin 71.10
 186.2sin 22.7 0
186.2 c c  105.2
sin 43.10
186.2sin 71.10
c  257.8
sin 43.10
Example 13
Solve the triangle ABC, where:
0
A  42
a  70
b  122
Note: Since it is a SSA case, b > a, ambiguity may occur.
Ans: No triangle can be defined.
Example 13 Solution
122sin 42
sin B   1.17 (invalid)
70
No triangle can be defined based on the given data.
The Law of Cosines
69
Introduction
The Law of Sines cannot be used directly to solve
triangles if we only know either:
– Two sides and the angle between them

– All three sides
In these two cases, the Law of Cosines applies.
Law of Cosines
In any triangle ABC,
2 2 2
a  b  c  2bc cos A
2 2 2
b  a  c  2ac cos B
2 2 2
c  a  b  2ab cos C
Law of Cosines
Proof:
In ACD, b 2  h 2  (c  p ) 2
2 2 2
 h  c  2cp  p
In BCD, a 2  h 2  p 2
 b 2  a 2  c 2  2cp
p
cos B   p  a cos B
a
b 2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
Pythagorean Theorem as
Law of Cosines
If one of the angles of a triangle, say C, is a right
angle, then cos C = 0.
Hence, the Law of Cosines reduces to the
Pythagorean Theorem, c2 = a2 + b2.
Thus, the Pythagorean Theorem is a special
case of the Law of Cosines.
Example 14
A tunnel is to be built through a mountain. To estimate
the length of the tunnel, a surveyor makes the
measurements shown. Use the surveyor’s data to
approximate the length of the tunnel AB.
Ans: 416.8 ft
Example 14 Solution
AB 2  3882  212 2  2(388)(212) cos82.4

AB  416.8 ft
Example 15
The sides of a triangle are:
a = 5, b = 8, c = 12
Find the angles of the triangle.
Ans: A  17.6 , B  29 , C  133.4
Example 15 Solution
b 2  c 2  a 2 82  122  52
cos A    0.9531
2bc 2(8)(12)
A  17.6
a 2  c 2  b 2 52  122  82
cos B    0.875
2ac 2(5)(12)
B  29
C  180  17.6  29  133.4
Example 16
Solve the triangle ABC, where
A = 46.5°, b = 10.5, c = 18.0
Ans: a  13.2, B  35.2 , C  98.3

Example 16 Solution
a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A
 10.52  18.02  2(10.5)(18.0) cos 46.5
a  13.2
18.02  13.22  10.52
cos B   B  35.2
2(18.0)(13.2)
sin 46.5 sin B 10.5sin 46.5
** or   sin B 
13.2 10.5 13.2
 B  35.2 , 144.8
144.8 is invalid as 144.8  46.5  180
C  180  35.2  46.5  98.3
Example 16 Solution
• Using the Law of Sines to find B gives rise to ambiguity.

Knowing the sine of an angle does not uniquely specify the
angle. An angle θ and its supplement (180° – θ) both have the
same sine. We would need to decide which of the two angles is
the correct choice.
This ambiguity does not arise when we use the Law of Cosines.
This is because every angle between 0° and 180° has a unique
cosine.
Example 17
The diagram shows a quadrilateral PQRS .The area of the triangle
is 72.45 cm 2 .
Given that triangle PQR is an acute triangle, calculate
(i) PQR,
(ii) the length, in cm, of PR,
(iii) PSR,
(iv) the area, in cm 2 , of quadrilateral PQRS .
Ans: (i) PQR  75 (ii)PR  15.73 cm (iii)PSR  71.14  (iv) 158.56 cm 2
Simplifying
Trigonometric
Expressions
83
Simplifying Trigonometric
Expressions
To simplify algebraic expressions, we employ the
relations between the trigonometric ratios and the
trigonometric identities. We may then use one or all the
following methods to make the expression simpler :
– Factoring
– Common denominators
– Special Product Formulas
Example 18
Simplify the expression
cos   tan  sin 
Ans: sec 
Example 18 Solution
cos   tan  sin 

sin 
 cos   sin 
cos 
cos 2   sin 2 

cos 
1
 , as cos 2   sin 2   1
cos 
 sec 
Example 19
Simplify the expression
sin  cos 

cos  1  sin 
Ans: sec 
Example 19 Solution
sin  cos 

cos  1  sin 
sin  (1  sin  )  cos 2 

cos  (1  sin  )
sin   sin 2   cos 2 

cos  (1  sin  )
sin   1
 , as cos 2   sin 2   1
cos  (1  sin  )
1
  sec 
cos 
Proving
Trigonometric
Identities
Guidelines for Proving Trigonometric
Identities
1. Start with one side.

2. Use relationship between trigonometric
functions
3. Use known trigonometric identities.
4. Use common denominator, factoring, and
conjugation wherever applicable.
Example 20
Verify the identity
cos  sec   cos    sin 

2
Example 20 Solution
L.H .S .  cos  (sec   cos  )

 1 
 cos    cos  
 cos  
 1  cos 2  
 cos    (common denominator)
 cos  
 sin 2  
 cos   
 cos  
 sin 2   R.H .S .
Example 21
Verify the identity
1 1
2 tan x sec x  
1  sin x 1  sin x
1 1
R.H .S .  
 (common denominator)



 L.H .S .
Example 22
Verify the identity

cos x
 sec x  tan x
1  sin x
cos x
L.H .S . 
1  sin x
cos x 1  sin x
  (conjugation)




 R.H .S .
Example 23
Verify the identity
2
1  cos  tan 

cos  sec   1
tan 2 
R.H .S . 
sec   1
tan 2  sec   1
  (conjugation)
sec   1 sec   1




 L.H .S .
Addition and
Subtraction
Formulas
99
Addition and Subtraction Formulas
Formulas for sine
sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B

sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B

Formulas for cosine
cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B

cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B

Formulas for tangent

tan A  tan B
tan( A  B) 
1  tan A tan B
tan A  tan B
tan( A  B) 
1  tan A tan B

Proof:
Let the hypotenuse of triangle ABC be of unit length.

Proof:
sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin 
Let    , sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin 
cos(   )  cos  cos   sin  sin 
Let    , cos(   )  cos  cos   sin  sin 
sin  cos   cos  sin  tan   tan 
tan      
cos  cos   sin  sin  1  tan  tan 
tan   tan 
Let    , tan     
1  tan  tan 
Example 24
Find the exact value of each of the following
expression:
(a) cos 75°
 
(b) cos  
 12 
Note: “exact value” implies leaving the irrational numbers like
2, 3, 5
as they are, i.e. leaving them in surd form.
2( 3  1) 2( 3  1)
Ans: (a) (b)
4 4
Example 24 Solution
(a) cos 75  cos(30  45 )

 cos 30 cos 45  sin 30 sin 45

3 1 1 1
 
3 1

2 3 1  
2 2 2 2 2 2 4
    
(b) cos    cos   
 12  4 6
       
 cos   cos    sin   sin  
4 6 4 6

1 3 1 1
 
3 1

2 3 1  
2 2 22 2 2 4
106
Example 25
Find the exact value of
sin 20° cos 40° + cos 20° sin 40°
3
Ans :
2
sin 20 cos 40  cos 20 sin 40





Example 26
Prove the cofunction identity
 
cos     sin 
2 

 
L.H .S .  cos    
2 

 R.H .S .

Double Angle
Formulas
111
Double-Angle Formulas
Formula for sine
sin 2 A  2sin A cos A
Formulas for cosine

2 2
cos 2 A  cos A  sin A
2
cos 2 A  1  2sin A
2
cos 2 A  2 cos A  1
Double-Angle Formulas
Formula for tangent

2 tan A
tan 2 A  2
1  tan A

Example 27
2
If cos x   and x is in quadrant II, find the
3
exact values of cos 2x and sin 2x.
1 4 5
Ans: cos 2 x   , sin 2 x  
9 9

Example 27 Solution
cos 2 x  2 cos 2 x  1
2
 2 1
 2    1  
 3 9
sin 2 x  2sin x cos x

 5  2  4 5
 2       
 3  3  9

Example 28
Express cos 3x in terms of cos x.
Ans: 4 cos3 x  3cos x

cos 3 x  cos(2 x  x)
 cos 2 x cos x  sin 2 x sin x






Example 29
Prove the identity
sin 3 x
 4 cos x  sec x
sin x cos x

sin 3 x
L.H .S . 
sin x cos x
sin(2 x  x)

sin x cos x


 R.H .S .
Half Angle
Formulas
120
Half-angle Formulae
 A  A
sin A  2 sin   cos  
2 2
2 A 2  A
cos A  cos    sin  
2 2
2  A
 2 cos    1
2
 A
 1  2 sin 2  
2
 A
2 tan  
tan A  2
2  A
1  tan  
2
Example 30
3
If tan   and  is an acute angle, evaluate
4
each of these without using calculator,
(i) tan 2
 
(ii) tan  
2
24 1
Ans: (i) (ii)
7 3

Example 30 Solution
2 tan  2  34  24
(i) tan 2   
1  tan  1   4 
2 3 2
7
2 tan 2
(ii) tan  
1  tan 2 2
 1  tan 2 
2  tan   2 tan 
2
 tan 2  tan   2  tan 2   tan   0

2
2  4  4  34 
2
2 2
2  2  4 tan 
tan 
 
2  34 
2
2 tan 
4  5 1
  as  is acute
3 3
Example 31

Prove that csc   cot   tan .
2

Hence, deduce that tan  2  1 .
8

L.H .S .  csc   cot 


tan 2  csc   cot    

4
tan 8 

Sum-to-Product
Formulas

Sum-to-Product Formulas
Sum-to-Product Formulas for Sine
PQ P Q
sin P  sin Q  2sin cos
2 2
PQ P Q
sin P  sin Q  2 cos sin
2 2

Sum-to-Product Formulas for Cosine

PQ P Q
cos P  cos Q  2 cos cos
2 2
PQ P Q
cos P  cos Q  2sin sin
2 2

Proof:
sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B
sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B
sin( A  B)  sin( A  B)  2sin A cos B
PQ P Q
Let A  , B  A  B  P, A  B  Q
2 2
 PQ   P Q 
sin P  sin Q  2sin   cos  
 2   2 
sin( A  B)  sin( A  B)  2 cos A sin B
 P Q   P Q 
sin P  sin Q  2 cos   sin  
FHMM1014 Mathematics I  2   2  129
Proof:
cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B
cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B
cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)  2 cos A cos B
PQ P Q
Let A  , B  A  B  P, A  B  Q
2 2
 PQ   P Q 
cos P  cos Q  2 cos   cos  
 2   2 
cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)  2sin A sin B
 P Q   P Q 
cos P  cos Q  2sin   sin  
FHMM1014 Mathematics I  2   2  130
Example 32
Express
sin 7x + sin 3x
as a product of trigonometric functions.
Ans: 2sin 5 x  cos  2 x 

Example 32 Solution
 7 x  3x   7 x  3x 
sin 7 x  sin 3x  2sin   cos  
 2   2 
 2sin 5 x  cos  2 x 

Example 33
Express
sin 3x sin 5x
as a sum of trigonometric functions.
cos 2 x cos8 x
Ans: 
2 2

Example 33 Solution
PQ P Q
Using cos P  cos Q  2sin sin ,
2 2
PQ 
 5 x  P  Q  10 x 
2 
Let  P  8 x, Q  2 x
P Q
 3x  P  Q  6 x 
2 
 8x  2 x   8x  2 x 
cos8 x  cos 2 x  2sin   sin    2sin 5 x sin 3 x
 2   2 
cos 2 x  cos8 x
sin 5 x sin 3 x  
2 2

Example 34
Verify the identity
sin 3x  sin x
 tan x
cos 3x  cos x

sin 3 x  sin x
L.H .S . 
cos 3 x  cos x
 R.H .S .
Solving
Trigonometric
Equations
Solving Trigonometric Equations
To solve a trigonometric equation,
1. Use the rules of algebra to isolate the

trigonometric function on one side of the equal
sign.
2. Use our knowledge of the values of the

trigonometric functions to solve for the variable.

Example 35
Solve the equation
2sin x  1  0 for 0  x  2 .
 5
Ans: x  ,
6 6

Example 35 Solution
2sin x  1  0
1
sin x 
2
 
x , 
6 6
 5
 ,
6 6

Example 36
Solve the equation
2
tan x  3  0 for 0  x  2 .
 2 4 5
Ans: , , ,
3 3 3 3
Example 36 Solution
tan 2 x  3  0
(tan x  3)(tan x  3)  0
tan x  3 or tan x   3
   
x  ,  or x    , 2 
3 3 3 3
 2 4 5
x , , ,
3 3 3 3

Example 37
Find the values of x for which the graphs of
f (x) = sin x and
g(x) = cos x
intersect. (Give answers for 0  x  2 )
 5
Ans: ,
4 4

At the points of intersection, f (x) = g(x) .

sin x  cos x


Example 38
Solve the equation
3 sin θ – 2 = 0
for solutions in the interval [0, 2π), correct to

five decimals.
Ans: 0.72973, 2.41186

3sin   2  0


Solving Trigonometric
Equations by Factoring

Solving Trigonometric Equations
by Factoring
Factoring is one of the most useful techniques for solving
equations, including trigonometric equations.
The idea is to:
1. Move all terms to one side of the equation.

2. Factor the equation.
3. Use the Zero-Product Property.

Example 39
Solve the equation

2 cos2x – 7 cos x + 3 = 0
for 360  x  360
Ans:  300 ,  60 , 60 , 300

Example 39 Solution
2 cos 2 x  7 cos x  3  0
(2 cos x  1)(cos x  3)  0
2 cos x  1  0 or cos x  3  0
1
cos x  or cos x  3 (rejected as cos x  1)
2
x  60 ,  (360  60 ), 60 , 360  60
   
  300 ,  60 , 60 , 300

Example 40
Solve the equation
1 + sin x = 2 cos2x
 
for 0  x  360
Ans: 30 , 150 , 270

1  sin x  2 cos 2 x


Example 41
Solve the equation
sin 2x – cos x = 0
for 0  x  360
Ans: 30 , 90 , 150 , 270

sin 2 x  cos x  0


Example 42
Solve the equation tan2x – tan x – 2 = 0
0 0
for 360  x  360 .
Ans:  296.57 ,  225 , 116.57 ,  45 , 63.43 , 135 , 243.43 , 315

tan 2 x  tan x  2  0


Equations with
of Multiple Angles

Equations with Trigonometric
Functions of Multiple Angles
When solving trigonometric equations that
involve functions of multiples of angles,
1. Solve for the multiple of the angle.
2. Divide to solve for the angle.

Example 43
Consider the equation 2 sin 3x – 1 = 0.
Find the solutions in the interval [0, 2π).
 5 13 17 25 29

Ans: , , , , ,
18 18 18 18 18 18

Example 43 Solution
2sin 3 x  1  0
1
sin 3 x 
2
 5 13 17 25 29
3x  , , , , ,
6 6 6 6 6 6
 5 13 17 25 29
x , , , , ,
18 18 18 18 18 18

Example 44
x
Consider the equation 3 tan  1  0 .
2
Find the solutions in the interval [0, 4π).
 7
Ans: ,
3 3

Example 44 Solution
x
3 tan  1  0
2
x 1
tan 
2 3
x    
 ,   , 2  , 3 
2 6 6 6 6
 7 13 19
 , , ,
6 6 6 6
 7 13 19
x , as and exceed 4
3 3 3 3
Expression of the form
a sin θ + b cos θ
163
Expressions of the Form
a sin θ + b cos θ
We can write expressions of the form
a sin θ + b cos θ
in terms of a single trigonometric function using

the addition formula for sine and cosine.

Sums of Sines and Cosines
If a and b are real numbers, then
a sin   b cos  r sin    

2 2
where r  a  b
1  b 
  tan  
a

Sums of Sines and Cosines
Proof:
a sin   b cos   r sin(   )
 r sin  cos   r cos  sin 
a  r cos  j
b  r sin  k
k b 1 b
, tan      tan  
j a a
2
j k 2 , a 2  b 2  r 2 cos 2   r 2 sin 2   r 2
r  a 2  b2
Example 45
Express 3sin x + 4cos x in the form r sin( x   )

where r is positive and  is acute.
Ans: 5sin( x  53.13 )

Example 45 Solution
3sin x  4 cos x  r sin( x   )

4
  tan    53.13
1
3
r  32  42  5
3sin x  4 cos x  5sin( x  53.13 )

Example 46
Write the function
f ( x)  sin 2 x  3 cos 2 x
in the form r sin 2 x    , where r is positive and

 is acute.
Ans: 2sin  2 x  60 

Example 46 Solution
sin 2 x  3 cos 2 x  r sin  2 x   

  tan 1
 3   60 
r  1 3  2
sin 2 x  3 cos 2 x  2sin  2 x  60 


Example 47
Express 3 sin   2 cos  in the form r sin(   ),

where r is positive and  is acute. Hence find
 (0    360) 3 sin   2 cos 
such that
has a maximum value.
Ans: 13 sin(  33.69 ), 123.69

Example 47 Solution
3sin   2 cos   r sin(   )

2
  tan    33.69
1
3
r  32  22  13
3sin   2 cos   13 sin(  33.69 )
For maximum 3sin   2 cos  ,
sin(   )  1      90
  33.69  90    123.69
Example 48
Express sin x  cos x in the form r cos( x   ),
where r is positive and  is acute.
Hence, determine the ranges of x (0  x  360)
such that 0  sin x  cos x  1.
Ans: 2 cos( x  45 ), 90  x  135 or 315  x  360 

Example 48 Solution
sin x  cos x  r cos( x   )  r cos x cos   r sin x sin 

  tan 1 1  45 , r  12  12  2
sin x  cos x  2 cos( x  45 )
0  sin x  cos x  1  0  2 cos( x  45 )  1
1
0  cos( x  45 ) 
2
 45  x  45  90 or 270  x  45  315

90  x  135 or 315  x  360
Example 49
Find the values of r and  , where r > 0 and 
is acute, given that 1 tan  can be expressed in
the form r sec  cos(   ).
Ans: r  2,   45

Example 49 Solution
1  tan   r sec  cos(   )

 r sec   cos  cos   sin  sin  
1 sin 
r cos  cos   r sin 
cos  cos 
 r cos   r sin  tan 
r cos   1 j
r sin   1 k
k j , tan   1    tan 1 1  45
2
j k 2 , r 2 (cos 2   sin 2  )  2  r  2, as r  0

Example 50
Express 3cos   5sin  in the form R cos(   )
where R > 0 and 0    90.
State the maximum and minimum values of
3cos   5sin  .
Hence, solve the equation 3cos   5sin   5 for

0    360.
Ans: 34 cos(  59.04 ), max  34, min   34,   28.08 , 90 

Example 50 Solution
3cos   5sin   R cos(   )

 R cos  cos   R sin  sin 
5
  tan    59.04 ,
1
R  32  52  34
3
3cos   5sin   34 cos(  59.04 )
For maximum 3cos   5sin  , cos(   )  1  Maximum value  34
For minimum 3cos   5sin  , cos(   )  1  Minimum value   34
3cos   5sin   5  34 cos(  59.04 )  5
5
cos(  59.04 )     59.04  30.96 , 329.04
34
  28.08 , 90 for 0    360
Example 51
Solve the equation cos x + 1 = sin x
in the interval [0, 2π).

Ans: , 
2
Example 51 Solution
sin x  cos x  1

Let sin x  cos x  R sin( x   ), where r  0, 0   
2
1 
R  2,   tan (1) 
4
   
sin x  cos x  2 sin  x    2 sin  x    1
 4  4
  1   3 
sin  x     x  ,  x , 
 4 2 4 4 4 2

Example 51 Solution
Note: It is incorrect to solve trigonometric equations by squaring

both sides of the equation:
cos x  1  sin x
 cos x  1  sin 2 x
2
cos 2 x  2 cos x  1  sin 2 x

cos 2 x  (1  cos 2 x)  2 cos x  1  0
2 cos x(cos x  1)  0  cos x  0, cos x  1
 3
x  ,,
2 2
3
The value x  is not a solution.
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 2 181
Example 52
Solve the equation sin   7 cos   2 for

0    360.
Ans: 81.70 , 294.56

7 cos   sin   R cos(   )

 R cos  cos   R sin  sin 

The End
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Centre For Foundation Studies

Department of Sciences and Engineering

Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we see that the hypotenuse has

III tan, cot sin, csc, cos, sec

IV cos, sec sin, csc, tan, cot

– You can remember this as:

and express the answers in surd form.

sin( )   sin  csc(  )   csc 

(a) Express sin θ in terms of cos θ, where θ is

(b) Express tan θ in terms of sin θ, where θ is

(a) sin 2   cos 2   1

A  ss  a s  b s  c 

where s = ½(a + b + c) is the semi-perimeter of

Ans: 17, 451.65 sq ft

The possibilities are as follows.

Cases 1 and 2 are solved using the Law of Sines.

sin A sin B sin C

How far is the satellite from

Ans: 416.41 miles

Ans: B  135 , a  65.1, b  134.5

The ratio of three angles in a triangle is 4 : 5 : 6.

Let the three angles be A, B, C.

However, in Case 2 (SSA), there may be two triangles,

ba ba ba

Ambiguity occurs only when b  a for SSA case.

Ans: B  300 , C  1050 , c  13.5

sin 450 sin B

Ans: B  65.80 , C  71.10 , c  257.8; B '  114.20 , C '  22.7 0 , c  105.2

sin 43.10 sin B

Note: Since it is a SSA case, b > a, ambiguity may occur.

Ans: No triangle can be defined.

– Two sides and the angle between them

In these two cases, the Law of Cosines applies.

AB 2  3882  212 2  2(388)(212) cos82.4

Ans: A  17.6 , B  29 , C  133.4

Solve the triangle ABC, where

A = 46.5°, b = 10.5, c = 18.0

Ans: a  13.2, B  35.2 , C  98.3

• Using the Law of Sines to find B gives rise to ambiguity.

– Special Product Formulas

cos   tan  sin 

cos   tan  sin 

1. Start with one side.

cos  sec   cos    sin 

L.H .S .  cos  (sec   cos  )

Verify the identity

Verify the identity

Formulas for sine

sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 100

Formulas for cosine

cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 101

Formulas for tangent

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 102

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 103

(a) cos 75  cos(30  45 )

sin 20° cos 40° + cos 20° sin 40°

sin 20 cos 40  cos 20 sin 40

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 108

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 109

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 110