Centre For Foundation Studies

Department of Sciences and Engineering

FHMM1014 Mathematics I

Topic 3
Sequences and
Series
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 1
 Subtopics
3.1 
Sequences and notation

3.2 Arithmetic Progression

3.3 Geometric Progression

3.4 Binomial Expansion or Binomial Theorem

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 2
3.1 Sequence and
the Sigma notation

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 3
 Sequence
A sequence – a set of terms arranged in a
particular order.

Notation – nth term an or U n

 Finite sequence :
a1 , a2 , a3 ....an
 Infinite sequence :
a1 , a2 , a3 ,........

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 4
 Limit of a Sequence
The sequence a1 , a2 ,  , an ,...is convergent if
there exists a real number L such that

lim an  L
n 
A sequence that is not convergent is described as divergent.

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 5
 Example 1
Find the nth term of each sequence below. Is it convergent
or divergent? For convergent sequence, state its limit.

3 5 7 9
(i) , , , , ...
2 4 6 8
(ii) 2, 4, 8, 16, ...
1 1 1 1
(iii) 3  , 3  , 3  , 3  , ...
3 4 5 6

Ans: (i) 1, convergent (ii) , divergent (iii) 3, convergent

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 6
 Example 1 Solution

th 2n  1  2n  1   1 
(i) n term   lim    lim 1    1
2n n 
 2n  n 
 2n 
It is a convergent sequence with limit 1.

(ii) n th term  2 n  lim  2 n   

n

It is a divergent sequence with no limit.

1  1 
(iii) n th term  3   lim  3  3
2n n 
 2n
It is a convergent sequence with limit 3.

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 7
 Limits at Infinity
2n  1
th
In Example 1 (i), n term = .
2n
In finding the limiting value of the n th term, We cannot substitute
th
n   into the n term as is undetermined.

Instead, both the numerator and the denominator
are to be divided by n with the highest power in
the denominator.

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 8
 Example 2

3n
The nth term of a sequence is, a  where n
n 1
n

is a positive integer. Show this sequence is convergent

and find its limiting value.

Ans : 3
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 9
 Example 2 Solution

 3n   
 3n   n   3 
lim    lim    lim  3
n  n  1
  n  n  1  n  1  1 
n n  n 

The sequence is convergent with limit 3.

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 10
 Example 3
Evaluate each of the following,

(i) lim (3n  1)

n 

 n 3
(ii) lim 2 
n  2n
 
n2
(iii) lim 
n  n  3
 
Ans : (i)  (ii) 0 (iii) 1
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 11
 Example 3 Partial Solution

(i) lim (3n  1)  

n 

 n 3 
 n3  2 2 
(ii) lim  2   lim  n 2n 
n 
 2n  n  2n 
 
 n2 

n2
(iii) lim  
n  n  3
 

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 12
 Series
A series – a sum of terms in a sequence.

Notation – u n

 Finite series

 Infinite series

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 13
 Sigma () Notation
If k is a constant,
n n

 (ku )  k  u
r 1
r
r 1
r  k (u1  u2    un )

If u1  u2    un  k , then
n n

u   k
r 1
r
r 1
 k  k    k  nk

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 14
 Sigma () Notation
In general,
n

u
r 1
r  u1  u2    un

For example :
10

r 1
r 2  12  22  32    102

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 15
 Example 4
Find the sum of
3
(a)  2
i 1
i 1

5
(b)  (3
k 1
k  2 k
)

Ans : (i) 7 (ii) 107

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 16
 Example 4 Solution

3
(a)  2 i 1

i 1
 2 0
 21
 2 2
7

5
(b)  (3k
k 1
 2 k
)

 (3  2)  (6  4)  (9  8)  (12  16)  (15  32)

 107

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 17
 Example 5
Write down the first three terms and last term of the
following series.
20

(i)  r ( r  2)
r 1

10
(ii) 
r 1
(1) r 1 2 r

Ans : (i) 3, 8, 15; 440 (ii) 2,  4, 8; 1024

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 18
 Example 5 Partial Solution

(i) The first three terms:

1(1  2), 2(2  2), 3(3  2)  3, 8, 15

The last term :

20(20  2)  440

(ii) The first three terms:

The last term : (1) 2 21 , (1)3 2 2 , ( 1) 4 23 

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 19
 Example 6
Write the sum using sigma notation.

(i) 1 + 3 + 5 +….+ 19

(ii) 1 2  2  3  3  4 .  29  30

10 29
Ans : (i)  2r  1
r 1
(ii)  r (r  1)
r 1

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 20
 Example 6 Solution

10

(i) 1 + 3 + 5 +….+ 19 = 2r  1
r 1

2r  1  19  r  10
29
(ii) 1 2  2  3  3  4 .  29  30   r (r  1)
r 1

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 21
3.2 Arithmetic
Progression

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 22
 Arithmetic Progressions
In general, an arithmetic progression (or
arithmetic sequence) is of the form :

a , a  d , a  2d ,  , a  (n  1)d , 

where a = the first term

d = the common difference
It is a trivial case when d = 0.
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 23
 Arithmetic Progressions

The nth term, Tn  a  (n  1)d

The sum of the first n terms,

n
S n   2a  (n  1)d 
2
n
Sn   a  l 
2

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 24
 Arithmetic Mean
If a, b, c is an arithmetic sequence, then the
arithmetic mean of a and c is b, where
1
b  (a  c)
2

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 25
 Example 7
Given that the fifth term of an arithmetic progression is
21 and the tenth term is 41, find the common
difference, first term and the sum of the first 10 terms.

Ans: a  5, d  4, S10  230

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 26
 Example 7 Solution

a  4d  21  (1)
a  9d  41  (2)
Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously,
a  5, d  4
10
S10   2(5)  (10  1)4   230
2

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 27
 Example 8
1. How many terms of the arithmetic sequence
3, 5, 7, . . . must be added to get 195?

2. Find the sum of positive integers less than

500 which are multiples of 3 or 7.

Ans: (1) 13 (2) 53,679

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 28
 Example 8 Solution

(1) a  3, d  2
n
 2(3)  (n  1)2   195
2
2n 2  4n  390  0  (2n  30)( n  13)  0
n  13, n  15 (reject)
We must add 13 terms.

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 29
 Example 8 Solution

(2) Multiples of 3 : a  3, d  3, T166  498

166
S166   3  498   41,583
2
Multiples of 7 : a  7, d  7, T71  497
71
S71   7  497   17,892
2
Multiples of 21 : a  21, d  21, T23  483
23
S 23   21  483   5, 796
2
Total sum of multiples of 3 or 7
FHMM1014 Mathematics I = 41, 583  17,892  5, 796  53, 679 30
 Example 9
The sum to n terms of a series is given by
S n  17 n  3n 2
(a) Write down an expression for the sum to
n – 1 terms.
(b) Find an expression for the nth term,
(c) Show that the series is an A.P. Hence find
the first term and common difference.
Ans: (a)  3n 2  23n  20 (b)  6n  20 (c) 14;  6
FHMM1014 31
Mathematics I
 Example 9 Partial Solution

(a) S n 1 
(b) Tn  Sn  Sn 1 
(c) Tn 
Tn 1 
Tn  Tn 1 
It is an A.P.
d  ; First term =

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 32
 Example 10
n
Show that the terms of  log10 2 r form an
r 1

arithmetic progression. Find the sum of the first

5 terms of this series, and the smallest value of
n such that the sum of the first n terms
exceeds 500.

Ans: S5  15log10 2, n  58

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 33
 Example 10 Partial Solution

 10
log
r 1
2 r
 log10 2  log 10 2 2
 log 10 2 3


Tn  ; Tn 1 
Tn  Tn 1  (Constant Value)  It is an A.P.
d
S5 
Sn 

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 34
 Example 10 Partial Solution

Find the smallest value of n such that the sum of the

first n terms exceeds 500.

S n  500


FHMM1014 Mathematics I 35
 Example 11

If the sum of first 10 terms of an A.P. is 55 and

the next 10 terms is 30. Find the sum of first
30 terms.

Ans : 90

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 36
 Example 11 Partial Solution

10
S10  55  2a  9d 
2
2a  9d  11 
20
S20  S10  30  S 20  25  2a  19d 
2
4a  38d  5 ‚
Solving  and ‚ simultaneously,
a , d

S30 

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 37
3.3 Geometric
Progression

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 38
 Geometric Progression
In general, a geometric progression (or
geometric sequence) is of the form :
2 ( n 1)
a , ar , ar ,  , ar , 
where a = the first term
r = the common ratio, where r  0
It is a trivial case when r = 1.
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 39
 Geometric Progression
• The nth term, U n  ar ( n 1)

• The sum of the first n terms, r  1,

a (r n  1)
Sn  if r 1
r 1
n
a (1  r )
Sn  if r 1
1 r

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 40
 Geometric Progression
Proving the summation formulae for G.P. :
Sn  a  ar    ar n 1
rS n  ar  ar 2    ar n

S n  rS n  a  ar n
or rSn  Sn  ar n  a
(1  r ) Sn  a(1  r ) n
(r  1) S n  a(r n  1)
a (1  r ) n
a (r n  1)
Sn  Sn 
1 r r 1

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 41
 Geometric Mean

If a, b, c is a geometric sequence, then

the geometric mean of a and c is b,
where
b ac

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 42
 Example 12
If ( x  1) , 2 2 and (3 x  2) are three
consecutive terms of a geometric progression,
find the integer x.

Ans:  2
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 43
 Example 12 Solution

2 2 3x  2

x 1 2 2
( x  1)(3 x  2)  8
3 x 2  x  10  0
(3 x  5)( x  2)  0
5
x  , x  2
3
The integer x is  2.

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 44
 Example 13
1. Find the eighth term of the geometric progression
3, 9, 27, . . . .

2. The first term of a geometric progression is 5 and the

common ratio is 1.5. Find the least number of terms
needed such that the sum of the progression exceeds
100.

Ans : (1) 6561 (2) 6

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 45
 Example 13 Solution

9
(1) a  3, r   3  T8  3(3)81  6561
3
3
(2) a  5, r 
2
 3  n 
5    1
  2   3
n

 100     1  10
3 2
1
2
n
3 lg11
   11  n   5.91
2 lg 3  lg 2
The least value of n is 6.
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 46
 Example 14
1. Given that the geometric mean of (4p  3) and
(9p + 4) is (6p – 1). Find the value of p.

2. If the sum of first 10 terms of a G.P. is 10 and

the sum of first 20 terms is 30. Find the sum
of first 30 terms.

Ans: (1) 13 (2) 70

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 47
 Example 14 Partial Solution

(1) 6 p  1  (4 p  3)(9 p  4)

a (r 10  1) a
(2) S10  10   
r 1 r 1
a (r 20  1) a
S 20  30   
r 1 r 1

a
S30  (r 30  1) 
r 1
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 48
 Common Ratio of Geometric Series
If r  1, all the terms of the geometric series is the same. The
series is said to diverge. It is a trivial case.
If r  1, the terms oscillate between 2 values. The series is
said to diverge.
If , the terms in the series becomes larger
r and
 larger
1 or inr magnitude.
1 The series diverges.
If , the terms in the series becomes smaller and
smaller
1  r in1 magnitude, and approaches zero in the limit. The
geometric series converges.

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 49
 Infinite Geometric Series
In general, for a geometric series with first term
a and common ratio r :
a (1  r n ) a  a  n
Sn     r
1 r 1 r  1 r 
For an infinite geometric series :
 a  a  n
 S  lim S n  lim    r 
n  1  r
n 
  1 r  
a  a  n
   lim
 n r
1 r  1 r 
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 50
 Infinite Geometric Series
• If r 1 :
n
 lim r    The series is divergent.
n 

• If r 1 :
n
 lim r  0  The series is convergent.
n 
a
 The sum to infinity : S  
1 r
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 51
 Example 15

Express the recurring decimal 0.329as an infinite

geometric series.
Hence, express 0.329 as a fraction in its simplest
form.

329
Ans:
999

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 52
 Example 15 Solution

0.329  0.329  0.329(103 )  0.329(106 )  

a  0.329, r  103
Since r  1,
a 0.329 329 1000 329
S   3
  
1  r 1  10 1000 999 999

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 53
 Example 16

Find the sum to infinity of the series

2 3
1  2 x  4 x  8 x  ,
stating the range of valid values of x.

1 1 1
Ans: , x
1 2x 2 2
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 54
 Example 16 Partial Solution

2 3
1  2 x  4 x  8x   ,
a , r
a
S   ,
1 r

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 55
 Example 17

Find the smallest number of terms of a G.P.

1 1
1        ...
2 4

which must be taken so that the sum of the terms

exceeds 99.99% of the sum to infinity of the series.

Ans: 14
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 56
 Example 17 Partial Solution

1 1 1
1        ...  a  1, r 
2 4 2
Since r  1, S 

a(1  r n )
Sn  
1 r

Given Sn  0.9999 S 

 Smallest n is

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 57
 Example 18
S n and S are sums to n terms and sum to infinity of

3 3
a G.P. 3, , , ... respectively. Find the smallest
2 4

integer value of n such that | S  S | 0.001.

n 

Ans: 11

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 58
 Example 18 Solution

1
a  3, r  
2
  1 n 
3 1     
  2     1 n  3
Sn   2 1      , S  2
 1    2    1 
1    1   
 2  2
  1 n   1
n

| S n  S |  0.001  2 1       2  0.001  2     0.001

  2    2
n n
1
n 1 1  0.001 
2(1)    0.001  2    0.001  n lg    lg  
2 2 2  2 
lg 0.0005
n  10.97  Smallest n is 11.
lg 2
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 59
3.4 Binomial Expansion
or
Binomial Theorem

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 60
 The Binomial Theorem
A binomial is an algebraic expression containing 2 terms.
For example, (x + y) is a binomial.
We sometimes need to expand binomials as follows:
(a + b)0 = 1
(a + b)1 = a + b
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
(a + b)4 = a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4ab3 + b4
(a + b)5 = a5 + 5a4b + 10a3b2 + 10a2b3 + 5ab4 + b5

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 61
 Pascal’sTriangle
Pascal’s Triangle
Note: The coefficients follow a pattern. This was noticed long
before Blaise Pascal (1623) by the Chinese mathematician Yang
Hui 杨 辉 (1261) in his book ： Elucidation of the Nine
Chapters on Computational Methods“ 详解九章算法” .
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
This pattern is called the Pascal’s triangle (or Yang Hui’s triangle)
and can be used to obtain the coefficients of a binomial expansion.
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 62
 The Binomial Theorem
We use the binomial theorem to help us expand binomials to
any given power without direct multiplication. As we have seen,
multiplication can be time-consuming or even not possible in
some cases.

Properties of the Binomial Expansion (a + b)n

•There are n + 1 terms.

•The first term is an and the final term is bn.
•Progressing from the first term to the last, the exponent of a
decreases by 1 from term to term while the exponent of b
increases by 1. In addition, the sum of the exponents of a and b in
each term is n.
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 63
 The Binomial Theorem
Definition: n! represents the product of the first n
positive integers i.e.
n! = n(n − 1)(n − 2) ... (3)(2)(1)
We say n! as 'n factorial '

Examples:
3! = (3)(2)(1) = 6
5! = (5)(4)(3)(2)(1) = 120
4!
Note : 2!
cannot be cancelled down to 2!
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 64
 Binomial Theorem Formula
The binomial theorem states that the following binomial
formula is valid for all positive integer values of n:
n n n (n  1) n  2 2 n (n  1)(n  2) n 3 3
n 1
( a  b)  a  n a b  a b  a b  ...  bn
2! 3!
 n  n 1  n  n  2 2  n  n 3 3
(a  b)  a    a b    a b    a b  ...  bn
n n

1  2  3
n n n!
where n is a positive integer, and    C r 
r r !(n  r )!
th  n  nr r n!
The (r  1) term =   a b  a nrb r
r
FHMM1014 Mathematics I
r !(n  r )!
65
 Example 19
Use the Binomial Theorem to expand
4
(i) ( x  y )
1
(ii) ( x  1) 5
2

(iii) (2  x  2 x 2 ) 4

5 3 1
4 3 2 2 3 4 2
Ans : (i) x  4 x y  6 x y  4 xy  y (ii) x  5 x  10 x  10 x  5 x  1
2 2 2

(iii) 16  32 x  88 x 2  104 x 3  145 x 4  104 x 5  88 x 6  32 x 7  16 x 8

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 66
 Example 19 Solution

(i) (x  y ) 4  x 4  4 x3 y  6 x 2 y 2  4 xy 3  y 4

1 1 1 1
(ii) (x  1)5  ( x ) 5  5( x ) 4 ( 1)  10( x ) 3 ( 1) 2 
2 2 2 2

1 1
10( x ) 2 (1)3  5( x )( 1) 4  ( 1)5
2 2

5 3 1
 x  5 x 2  10 x  10 x  5 x  1
2 2 2

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 67
 Example 19 Partial Solution

(iii) (2  x  2 x 2 ) 4
4
  2  ( x  2 x ) 
2

 24  4(23 )( x  2 x 2 )  6(22 )( x  2 x 2 ) 2  4(2)( x  2 x 2 )3  ( x  2 x 2 ) 4




FHMM1014 Mathematics I 68
 Example 20
Obtain the term independent of x in the
10
1
expansion of  3x   .

 x

 n  nr r
th
Hint : (r  1) term =   a b
r

Ans: 61, 236

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 69
 Example 20 Solution

10 r
 1 n
  nr  1  10 
For  3x   , Tr 1    3 x       3 x   x 
10  r r

 x r  x  r 
Term independent of x : x 0
(10  r )  r  0  r  5
 10  10!
   3 x   x  
10  5 5
T51 (3)5  61, 236
5 5!5!

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 70
 Binomial Series
From the binomial formula, if we let a = 1 and b = x, we
can also obtain the binomial series which is valid for any
real number n if |x| < 1.
n n(n  1) 2 n(n  1)(n  2) 3
(1  x)  1  nx  x  x  ......
2! 3!
Note (1): This is an infinite series, where the binomial
theorem deals with a finite expansion.
n n
Note (2): We cannot use Cr or   for the binomial
r
series. They can only be used with positive integers. 
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 71
 Binomial Series
For example,
1 2 3
(1  x)  1  x  x  x  ......, x 1
1 2 3
(1  x)  1  x  x  x  ......, x 1

The two binomial series are both G.P. with common

ratios x and x respectively.

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 72
 Example 21
Expand the function below as an ascending series up
to and including the term x 4 . State the range of the
values of x for which the expansion is valid.
1
 x 2
(i) 1  
 2
(ii) (2  6 x) 3

1 1 1 3 5 4
Ans : (i) 1 x  x2  x  x  ......,  2  x  2
4 32 128 2048
1 9 54 270 3 1215 4 1 1
(ii)  x  x 2  x  x  ......,   x 
8 8 8 8 8 3 3
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 73
 Example 21 Solution
1
 x 2
(i) 1  
 2
2 3 4
1  x  12 ( 12  1)  x  12 ( 12  1)( 12  2)  x  12 ( 12  1)( 12  2)( 12  3)  x 
 1             ......
22 2!  2  3! 2 4! 2
1 1 1 3 5 4
 1  x  x2  x  x  ......
4 32 128 2048
x
Valid range of x : 1   2  x  2
2

(2  6 x) 3   2(1  3 x)   23 (1  3 x) 3
3
(ii)
1 (3)(3  1) (3)(3  1)(3  2) (3)(3  1)(3  2)(3  3)
 1  (3)  3 x    3 x    3 x    3x   ......
2 3 4

8 2! 3! 4! 
1 1 9 54 270 3 1215 4
 1  9 x  54 x 2  270 x3  1215 x 4  ......   x  x 2  x  x  ......
8 8 8 8 8 8
1 1
Valid range of x : 3x  1    x 
3 3
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 74
 Example 22
Expand the function below as an ascending series up to
and including the term x 3 . State the range of the values
of x for which the expansion is valid.
1  2x
2 x

2 5 2 5 2 2 65 2 3 1 1
Ans :  x x  x ,  x
2 8 64 256 2 2

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 75
 Example 22 Solution

1 1
1  2x 
 (1  2 x) 2 (2  x) 2
2 x
1
1 2 ( 2  1) 2 ( 2  1)( 2  2)
1 1 1 1 1
(1  2 x)  1   2 x        ......
2 3
2
2 x  2 x
2 2! 3!
1 1
 1  x  x 2  x 3  ...... for 2 x  1
2 2
1
1 1 
  x
 2
(2  x) 2
 2 1  
2

 2

1   1   x   12 ( 12  1)  x 2  12 ( 12  1)( 12  2)  x 3 
2 2
1                ......
  2   2  2!  2 3!  2 
1
 1  3 2 5 3  2 2 3 2 2 5 2 3
2
1
 4 x 
2
x  x  ......   x  x  x  ......
32 128  2 8 64 256
x
FHMM1014 Mathematics I for  1 76
2
 Example 22 Solution

1 2x
2 x
 1 2 1 3  2 2 3 2 2 5 2 3
 1  x  x  x    x x  x   ....
 2 2  2 8 64 256 
2 2 3 2 2 5 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3
  x x  x  x x  x  x  x  x
2 8 64 256 2 8 64 4 16 4
2 5 2 5 2 2 65 2 3
  x x  x
2 8 64 256
1 1
2x  1    x  
2 2 1 1
Range of valid x :    x 
x 2 2
  1  2  x  2 
2 

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 77
 Example 23
1

Expand (1  x ) as an ascending series in x , up to and

2

including term x3. Hence, by using the first 3 terms of

2
1

the expansion (1  x ) and x  , find an approximation

2

25
for 3 , giving your answer correct to 4 significant
figures.

1 1 1 3
Ans : 1  x  x2  x  ..., 1.732
2 8 16
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 78
 Example 23 Solution

1
1 2 ( 2  1) 2 ( 2  1)( 2  2)
1 1 1 1 1
2
(1  x)  1  x 
2
x  x 3  ......
2 2! 3!
1 1 1 3
 1  x  x2  x  ......
2 8 16
1
 2  3 2
1    3
 25  5
2
1 2  1 2 
 1      1.0392
2  25  8  25 
3 5(1.0392)
3  1.0392  3  1.732
5 3
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 79
 Example 24
1

Expand (1  4 x) in ascending powers of x until the

2

term in x3.

1
Given x  , find 3 accurate to 5 decimal places.
50

Ans: 1  2 x  2 x 2  4 x 3  ..., 1.73205

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 80
 Example 24 Partial Solution

1
(1  4 x) 
2

1
 4  2
1   
 50 


 3
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 81
 Example 25
Expand 1  x as an ascending series up to and
including the term x3.

Hence, by taking x = 0.1, approximate 10 to 4

decimal places.

1 1 1
Ans : 1  x  x 2  x 3  ..., 3.1623
2 8 16
FHMM1014 Mathematics I 82
 Example 25 Partial Solution

1 x 


1  x  1  0.1 


 10 

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 83
 The End
Of
Topic 3

FHMM1014 Mathematics I 84