LECTURE No.

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS &

DISCUSSION
D. M. O. ADJIN (PhD Telecom Eng.)

Mobile: 020 2698 175 / 020 300 1290

EMAIL: dadjin@gtuc.edu.gh / dmoadjin@gmail.com

AUGUST, 2021

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 OUTLINE
4.1 OVERVIEW

4.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE

(DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE)

4.3 DATA AND ANALYSIS

4.4 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS & FINDING

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 OVERVIEW
 The Purpose Of This Lecture Is To: Present Information/Data
Collected For The Study in the Previous Chapter & Analyze The
Results & To Discuss the Findings
 E.g., Demographic Profile Of Research Respondents
 It Begins With The Description Of The X’ristics Of The Sample
Or Demographic Profile Of Research Participants


 The Chapter Reports The Results Of The Data Analysis, Used To

Answer The Research Questions
 The Rest Of The Chapter Reports The Discussions On The Data
Analysis
 Giving Interpretations & Implications of Results & Findings.

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 4.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE

 The Target Population Of A Study Included, E.g.,

 100 Telecom/Computer Engineers Found In The Ghana

Institution of Engineers' (GhIE) Database Who Work Within
Accra / Takoradi / Kumasi, Tamale, Etc., Metropolis.

 E.g., A Sample of 50 Was Selected For Information Gathering

 By Following Sample Size Determination Procedure

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 Research Respondents Were Contacted By Email/Phone Calls,
Etc., Explaining The Essence Of The Study,

 They Were Asked To Indicate Their Willingness To

Participate In The Study/Research After Meeting The
Selection Criteria:

 By Replying “YES” To A Letter of Consent (A Copy Is

Attached in The Appendices Section)

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 A Questionnaire (Copy Attached) Is Then Sent To Those Who
Replied “YES”
 They Are Then Asked To Complete & Return Their Scripts
(Sample Attached).
 E.g., 40 Out Of 50 Participants Respond, Making A Total
Responses Of Approx. 89%.
 The Responses For The Questionnaire Were Coded Then Entered
Into;
 Microsoft Excel
 Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, Current Version) or Any
Other Software For The Analysis.

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 The Respondents Consisted Of E.g.,:
 34 Male Engineers, Representing 85%
 6 Female Engineers, Representing 15%
 Graphical Presentation Is Inevitable

 The Highest Age Group Among The Respondents Was 41-50

Years, Representing 70%
 The Second Highest Was Age Group 31-40 Years, Making 25%
 Followed By Age Group 51-60 Years, Representing 5%
 Graphical Presentation Is Critical

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 None Of The Respondents Was Neither Age Group 21-30 Years
Nor 61 Years & Above.

 All The Respondents Have Had A Certain Level Of Tertiary

Education.

 More Than Half Of The Respondents (65%) Had Education To

Bachelor Of Science (Bsc) Level, E.g., (BTE/BCE)
 17.5% Had Master’s Degree (Msc/MPhil) Level
 17.5% Of Them Had Acquired Project Management
Professional (PMP) Certification

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 Neither Of The Respondents Were Holders Of:
 Higher National Diploma Certificate
 Nor Had Education To The PhD Level.

 All The Respondents Had Working Experience

Ranging Between:
 Fifteen (15) & Twenty (20) Years

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 Som Of The Respondents (72.5%) Were Project Managers
 Whilst 27.5% Were Project Directors.

 Majority (67.5%) Were In Engineering Management Positions

 Whilst 32.5% Were In Senior Engineers Positions.

 Table 4.2 Summaries The Characteristics Of The Sample, I.e.,

The Demographic Profile Of Respondents
 Assignment 5: Create Bar, Pie & Histogram Charts For Each
Variable in Table 4.2 below – Deadline: Fri 13th Aug. 2021

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 Demographic Profile / Data of Respondents

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 4.3 Data Presentation
4.3.1 RESULTS OF RESEARCH QUESTION 1

 The First Research Question Examined/Or/Or ….

 E.g., How Does QoS Affect Telecom Network Performance?;

 Given The ff Variables: Bandwidth, Speed, Capacity,
Latency, Outages, Call Drops, Hacking, Intrusion, Virous,
DoS & Network Security.

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 Example 1 Cont’d

 Each Question On The Likerd Scale Describes:

 A Particular Variable Of QoS That Affects Network
Performance

 In The Questionnaire,
 We Might Have Asked Respondents To Decide Which Of The
Variables Of QoS Affects Network Performance,
• Namely; Bandwidth, Speed, Capacity, Latency, Outages,
Call Drops, Hacking, Intrusion, Virous, DoS & Network
Security

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 Summarize The Responses For Various Variables Of QoS &
Determine Their Mean, Standard Deviations, Etc.

Example Of Information Gathering (Data Collection) Question:

Qn. 1:
Please kindly indicate which of the following QoS Variables are
responsible for poor Telecom Network Performance?

Note: Plse Tick the Variable(s) that Represents Your Opinion

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 Example Of Statistical Description Of QoS
Item Va11riable / Scale Variables
1 2 3 4 5 Sample Size (n)

1 Bandwidth 9 8 10 6 7 40

2 Speed 8 10 9 7 6 40

3 Capacity 8 5 12 5 10 40

4 Latency 7 10 11 8 4 40

5 Outages 2 10 9 11 8 40

6 Call Drops 3 11 13 6 7 40

7 Hacking, Intrusion, DoS & 5 8 9 7 11 40

Network Security
Total 42 51 73 50 53 -

Mean 6.0 7.3 10.4 7.1 7.5 -

Standard Deviation (σ) 2.1 2.5 5.4 2.2 2.6 -

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 How To Determine / Calculate Standard Deviation (σ)

SD Is Given BY:
Where μ is the Mean/Average of All Numbers For Each Variable

Guideline: To calculate the standard deviation:

1. Work out the Mean (the simple average of the numbers)
2. Then for each number: subtract the Mean & square the
result.
3. Then work out the mean of those squared differences.
4. Take the square root of that and we are done!

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 Discussion Of Results for Research Qn. 1

 From the Table, The Highest Summation Of The

Variables Of QoS Performance In The Questionnaire
Was:
Network Capacity (73).
That Resulted In A Standard Deviation (σ =5.4) &
A Mean Of 10.4

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 Thus, Individual Responses Centered Around The
Mean So Far As Network Capacity Was Concerned.

 Again, From The Table; “Network Outages”

Recorded The 2nd Highest Summation (53)
 With A Mean Of 7.5 &
 Standard Deviation Of 2.6 Respectively.

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 Result Interpretations
 This Result Interprets To Mean That:
 Among The Five Variables Of Network QoS Performance In
This Current Study, Only Two Of Them Stood Out Tall.
 I.e., Network Performance Was More Geared Towards:
Network Capacity &
Network Outages

 This Result Of Research Question 1 Therefore Presumes That:

 QoS Affected Network Performance In Terms Of Capacity
& Outages In This Case.

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 Implications
 Your Voice – Implications of Result 1:
 The Implications Are That:

• To Improve Upon A network Performance, It Is Important To

Manage Network Capacity Effectively & Dynamically. Scope
Requirements.

• It Is Critical To Prevent, or at least, keep Network

breakdowns/outages At minimum.

• Network Outages/Breakdowns Must Be Restored Within 24/7

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 Linking Findings To Literature
 Thus, The Findings Support The Work Of Sabah (2020) Which
Concluded That:
 There Is No Network that has perfect QoS
 Network Capacity Must Be Operated, Maintained & Managed
Dynamically & Efficiently

 Preventive Maintenance Must be Regularly Practiced Instead Of Curative

Maintenance
 In View Of That, A Network Engineer Must be Very Proactive to
Address Issues Relating To:
 Network Operations
 Maintaining &
 Managing

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 RESULTS OF RESEARCH QUESTION 2

Example:
The 2nd Research Qn Also Examined/Or/Or …
• The Extent To Which Network Bandwidth (BPS)
Influences Network Performance In Terms Of QoS.

 Please Kindly Follow the Same Steps Taken To Analyze The

Data Collected To Answer Qn 1

 Apply The Same Procedure To Qn. 3, Qn. 4, ….. Qn. N

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 SUMMARY
 Based On The Above Results & Findings, It Can Be Concluded That:
 Network Performance is Affected by QoS In Terms Of:
• Network Capacity & Network Outages.
 “Now Your Voice” Thus, It Is For Network Engineers To:
• Operate, Maintain & Manage Networks Dynamically &
Efficiently
• Undertake Preventive Maintenance As Against Curative Maintenance
• Be Proactive - In Order To Optimize Network Performance.
• These Results, Findings & Measures Will Go A Long Way To Assist
Network Operators To Achieve Their Strategic Goals In Any
Competitive Business Environment in the Telecom Industry.

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 THE END OF LECTURE No. 4

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS &

DISCUSSION

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