LECTURE No.

3C

SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
EXCELLENCE IN TECHNOLOGY E. Kyere-Frempong
EDUCATION 1
 The Objective Of Sampling

In This Lesson We Will :

Study The Meaning, Criteria & Types Of Sampling

Techniques

Discuss The Probability & Non-probability

Techniques Of Sampling.

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Study Outcome – Be Able To:
1. Define Sampling.

2. Describe Steps Involved In The Sampling Process.

3. Distinguish Between Different Types Of Sampling Design.

4. Describe Various Probability & Non-probability Sampling

Techniques.
5. Ask & Answer Any Possible Exam Question!!!

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 OVERVIEW

 The Most Important Task In Carrying Out A Survey

Is To Select The Sample.
 Sample Selection Is Undertaken For Practical Impossibility
To Survey The Population.

 By Applying Rationality In Selection Of Samples,

 We Generalize The Findings Of Our Research.

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 MEANINGS & CONCEPTS OF SAMPLE
 Sample Means Part, I.e., Part Of Target Population,
 Carefully Selected To Represent A Whole Population.
 Sample Frame
 Sampling Frame Is The List Of Elements From Which The Sample
Is Actually Drawn.
 It Is The Correct Listing Of A Research Population.
E.g., People (Humans) – Students, Lecturers, Engineers,
Users,
Things/Objects (Non-humans), Equip’t Network ,
Regulators, Competitors, Orgns, Insti’ns, Etc.

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 Distinction B/n Census & Sampling

 Census Refers To Complete Inclusion Of All

Elements In The Population.
 But Sample Is A Subgroup Of The Population.

 When Is A Census Appropriate?

 Census Is Appropriate If Population Size Is Small.
 E.g.,: A Researcher May Be Interested In Contacting Firms In
Telecom Retailors, Mobile Phone & SIM Card Dealers, Etc
 These Cos Are Limited In No So Census Will Not Be Suitable.

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2. Sometimes The Researcher Is Interested In
Gathering Information From Every
Individual.

Example: Quality Of Service In Mobile

Network.

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 When Is Sample Appropriate?

1. When A Population Size Is Large

2. When Time & Cost Are The Main
Consideration In Research
3. If The Population Is Homogeneous
4. There Are Circumstances When Census Is
Impossible.
E.g.,: Reaction To Poor Performance of Telecom Network
Operators.

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 7 STEPS IN THE SAMPLING
PROCESS
 Seven Steps Of Sampling Process:
1. Define & Select A Research Population
2. Identify The Sampling Frame
3. Specify The Sampling Unit
4. Selection Of Sampling Method
5. Determination Of Sample Size
6. Specify Sampling Plan
7. Selection Of A Sample

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1. Define The Population:
Population Is Defined In Terms Of
a) Elements
b) Sampling Units
c) Extent
d) Time

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 Example:
 If We Are Monitoring The Performance Of A Mobile
Network Recently Installed By A Telecom Co, The
Population Will Be:
a) Element - Company’s Product, i.e., Mobile Network
b)Sampling Unit – Telecom Engineers / Technocrats
c) Extent/Scope – Accra, Kumasi, Ta’di, Etc
d)Time - April 2nd To May 1st, 2021

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 Identify The Sampling Frame:
 Sampling Frame Could Be A List of:
a) Network Technology, Capacity, Bandwidth, Speed,

b)Local Exchanges Within Accra, K’si, Ta’di, Etc.

c) Any other list consisting of all sampling units.

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 3. Specify sampling unit:

 Who Is To Be Contacted -
 The Sampling Units – Telecom Network Operators
 Sampling Unit May Be:
 Engineers, Technicians, Etc.

 Selection Of Sampling Unit Is Very Important.

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 4. Selection of sampling method

 This Refers To Whether:

a)Probability & Non-probability Methods
Are Used
b)Purposive & Non-purposive

c)Stratified Method

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5. Determination Of Sample Size:
 This Means,
 We Need To Decide “ How Many Elements Of
The Target Population Is To Be Chosen?”

 Sample Size Depends Upon The Type Of Study

That Is Being Conducted.

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 E.g.,: If It Is An Exploratory Research,
 The Sample Size Will Be Generally Small.
 For Conclusive Research Such As Descriptive Research,
 Sample Size Will Be Large.

 Sample Size Also Depends Upon:

 The Resources Available With The Company.
 The Accuracy Required In The Study &
 The Permissible Error Allowed.

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 6. Specify sampling plan
 Sampling Plan Should Clearly Specify The Target
Population.
 Improperly Specified Plan Would Lead To Wrong Data
Collection.
 E.g., If Survey Of an Orgn Is To Be Conducted,
• A Sampling Plan Should Define An “Orgn”
• I.e., “ Is It Directors, Engineers, Technicians, Administrator,,
Or All of Them”,
• Who Should Be Included Or Excluded & Why?

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 CRITERIA FOR GOOD SAMPLE

 Sampling Strategy Has Two Main Components:

• Selecting The Sample, Including Sampling Process

Good Sampling Design Should:

 Relate To The Objectives Of The Investigation
• Be Practical & Achievable;

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• Be Cost–effective In Terms Of Equipment & Labour

• Provide Estimates Of Population Parameters That Are

Truly Representative & Unbiased.

 Ideally, Representative Samples Should Be:

• Taken At Random So That Every Member Of The Population
Of Data Has An Equal Chance Of Being Selected;

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• Sample Size Must Be Large Enough To Give
Sufficient Statistical Precision/Validity;

• Unbiased By The Sampling Procedure Or

Equipment (In Quantitative Study).

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 It Is Very Important In Sampling Procedures
To Take Into Account Relevant Factors Such As:

• Whom? - Education, Background

Knowledge/Expertise, Skills,
• What? Is It Network, Equip’ts, Etc
• Where? Location
• When? Date & Time

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1. What is Sampling?
2. Why The Need For Sampling?
3. How Will You Describe the Two Main Types of
Sampling Techniques?
4. When Is Sampling Appropriate & When Is Sampling
Not Required?
5. Which 7 Steps Are Involved In The Sampling Process?
6. What Are the Criteria For Good Sampling?

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 THE END OF
SAMPLING DESIGN

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