Elements of Communication

1. Speaker – the source of information or message

2. Message – the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed
by the speaker in words or in actions
3. Encoding – the process of converting the message into
words, actions, or other forms that the speaker understands
4. Channel – the medium or the means, such as personal or
non-personal, verbal or nonverbal, in which the encoded
message is conveyed
5. Decoding – the process of interpreting the encoded
message of the speaker by the receiver
6. Receiver – the recipient of the message, or someone
who decodes the message
7. Feedback – the reactions, responses, or information
provided by the receiver
8. Context – the environment where communication
takes place
9. Barrier – the factors that affect the flow of
communication
 Models of
Communication
Process
Explanation of Berlo’s SMCR model
THE SOURCE
The source or the sender carefully puts their thoughts into words
and transfers the message to the receiver. 

The sender transfer the information to the receiver with the help of:

•Communication skills —  First and foremost, the source needs good

communication skills to ensure the communication will be effective.
The speaker should know when to pause, what to repeat, how to
pronounce a word, etc.
•Attitude —  Secondly, the source needs the right attitude. Without it,
not even a great speaker would ever emerge as a winner. The source
needs to make a lasting impression on the receiver(s). 
•Knowledge — The third element on our list is knowledge.
Here, knowledge does not refer to educational qualifications. It
refers to the clarity of the information which the source wants
to transfer to the receiver.  
•Social system —  Moving on to the fourth element on the list
— the social system. The source should be familiar with the
social system in which the communication process takes place.
That would help the source not to offend anyone. 
•Culture — Last but not least, culture. To achieve effective
communication, the source needs to be acquainted with the
culture in which the communication encounter is taking place.
This is especially important for cross-cultural communication. 
THE MESSAGE
The speaker creates the message when they transform their
thoughts into words. 
Key factors of the message:
•Content — Simply put, this is the script of the conversation. 
•Elements — Speech alone is not enough for the message to be
fully understood. That is why other elements have to be taken into
account: gestures, body language, facial expressions, etc. 
•Treatment — the way the source treats the message. They have to
be aware of the importance of the message so that they can convey
it appropriately.
•Structure — The source has to properly structure the message to
ensure the receiver will understand it correctly. 
•Code — All the elements, verbal and nonverbal, need to be
accurate if you do not want your message to get distorted and
misinterpreted.
THE CHANNEL 
To get from the source to the receiver, the
message goes through the channel.
All our senses are the channels that help us
communicate with one another. 

Our senses are:

hearing  
taste
sight 
  smelling 
touching 
THE RECEIVER
A receiver is a person the source is speaking
to. The destination of the conveyed message.
To understand the message, the receiver
should entail the same elements as the
source. They should have similar
communication skills, attitudes, and
knowledge, and be acquainted with the
social system and culture in which they
communicate.