Project

2022
Topic:Biotechnology,the science

ABOUT DNA DAY

that aims to help humans.

Subtopic:Human genome
project.
Bioinformatics

Subject teachers: Worked by:Olsa Basha

Enriketa Bega(Biology), Dardan Myzyraj
Oriana Rrihnaj.(English) Kresilda Hoxha
Enes Sallaku.
INTRODUCTION

2022
 The blueprint for any living organism is

ABOUT DNA DAY

contained in its DNA. DNA is a long molecule
made up of many smaller units, called nucleotide
bases
 The order, or sequence, of the bases within the
DNA provides the instructions for creating that
organism—the genetic code
 Functional chunks of DNA with particular
combinations of base pairs are called genes
 A genome is an organism's complete set of DNA
—all of its genes and other non-genic DNA
 The human genome is the complete set of
instructions required to build a human being
The human genome project

2022
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was the international, collaborative
research program whose goal was the complete mapping and
understanding of all the genes of human beings. All our genes together
are known as our "genome.“

ABOUT DNA DAY

The idea of the Human Genome Project was born in the 1970s, when
scientists learned how to ‘clone’ small bits of DNA, around the size of a
gene. To clone DNA, scientists cut out a fragment of human DNA from
the long strand and then incorporate it into the genome of a bacteria, or
a bacterial virus. The fragment is then replicated within the bacterial
cell many times and every time the bacterial cell divides, the new cells
also contain the introduced DNA fragment. Bacterial cells reproduce
prolifically, and so this process ends up making millions of cells that all
contain the introduced DNA fragment, enough that researchers can
study it in detail and figure out the sequence of the base pairs.
 The stuff that makes us who we are

2022
Although every person on our planet is built from the same blueprint, no two people are
exactly the same. While we are similar enough to readily distinguish ourselves from other
living creatures we also celebrate our individual uniqueness. So what is it that makes us all
human, yet unique? Our DNA.
Our DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) is found in the nucleus of every cell in our body (apart
from red blood cells, which don’t have a nucleus). DNA is a long molecule, made up of lots
of smaller units. To make a DNA molecule you need:

• nitrogenous bases—there are four of these: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C),
guanine (C) If you take one of the four nitrogenous
• carbon sugar molecules bases, and put it together with a sugar
• phosphate molecules molecule and a phosphate molecule,
you get a nucleotide base. The sugar
and phosphate molecules connect the
nucleotide bases together to form a
Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine Carbon Phospate
Sugar
single strand of DNA.
molecule
molecule
 The impact that HGP had on medicine
The public availability of a complete human genome sequence represented a defining moment for both the
biomedical community and for society. In the years since completion of the HGP, the human genome
database, together with other publicly available resources such as the HapMap database, has enabled the
identification of a variety of genes that are associated with disease. This, in turn, has enabled more objective
and accurate diagnoses, in some cases even before the onset of overt clinical symptoms. Association and
linkage studies have identified additional genetic influences that modify the development or outcome for both
rare and common diseases. The recognition that human genomes may influence everything from disease risk
to physiological response to medications has led to the emergence of the concept of personalized medicine—
the idea that knowledge of a patient’s entire genome sequence will give health care providers the ability to
deliver the most appropriate and effective care for that patient. Indeed, continuing advances in DNA
sequencing technology promise to lower the cost of sequencing an individual’s entire genome to that of other,
relatively inexpensive, diagnostic tests.
 In 2003, two years ahead of schedule,
scientists announced that the human
genome had been sequenced with an
accuracy of 99.99 per cent. It was
described as ‘the end of the beginning’. .
The project was an overwhelming success,
delivering the first rough draft human
When was the project genome sequence in 2000 and the final
finished and was it high-quality version in 2003 — ahead of
successful? schedule and under budget.
 Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics, as related to genetics and genomics, is a
scientific subdiscipline that involves using computer technology
to collect, store, analyze and disseminate biological data and
information, such as DNA and amino acid sequences or
annotations about those sequences. Scientists and clinicians use
databases that organize and index such biological information to
increase our understanding of health and disease and, in certain
cases, as part of medical care.