Surigao State College of Technology

Del Carmen, Siargao Islands, Surigao del Norte

A.Y 2021-2023

DETAILED LESSON PLAN IN CENTRAL DOGMA

A. Content Standard
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
Central Dogma Molecular Biology
B. Performance Standard
The learners shall be able to:
1. Make a video demonstration on the step-by-step process of Central Dogma
C. Learning Competencies
The learners...
1. Illustrate the molecular structure of DNA, RNA, and Proteins
2. Diagram the steps in DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis

I. CONTENT:
i. Concept: Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
ii. Subject Concept: Replication, Transcription and Translation
iii. Material:
a. Laptop
b. Projector
c. Chalkboard
d. Chalk
e. 3D Visual Aids
iv. Strategies: Integration of Different Discipline, Collaborative Learning and Differentiated Instruction
v. Reference:
Biology Tenth Edition by Sylvia S. Mader copyright 2010 MC Graw-Hill Companies Inc. ISBN 0-
07-128844-9

II. DEVELOPMENT OF THE LESSON

Student’s
Teacher’s Activity
Activity
A. Preliminaries
1. Classroom Management-
 Everybody, please go back to your seats and arrange yourselves. Kindly pick-up pieces of dirt around you.
2. Prayer
 Kindly lead the prayer...
3. Greetings
 Good Morning Class!!? Prayer

 You may now take your seat. Good Morning

4. Attendance Ma’am!
 Is anybody absent ?
 OK Good !

B. Review/Recap None ma’am!

The students will have a review on the previous topic. The students will be asked the following questions:
1. The structure and composition of DNA, RNA, and Proteins.
A. DNA
B. RNA
C. Proteins
. Motivation DNA, RNA,
 Show them the video of the overview process of Central Dogma. Protein Structure
 Expose them to the dances of the inner world.
 The Life inside the body.
Questions:
Where do you think you get your genes(height, skin color, shape of the nose) dominantly?
III. PRESENTATION OF THE LESSON
A. Preliminary Activity
Activity Title: Put me in Place!!!
Procedure:
 The class will be divided into three (3) groups.
 The teacher will give each group the materials that they will need to complete the task.
 The group will arrange the kit according to the given task. Chorus: Mom…
 They will be given only 2 minutes to do the task. Dad….

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B. Analysis
The students will be asked the following questions:
o What will be the process when the Genetic Information is being copied from DNA-DNA? Group
o What will be the process when the Genetic Information is being copied from DNA-RNA? themselves
o What will be the process when the Genetic Information is being copied from RNA-Proteins?
C. Abstraction Doing the Task
OUTLINE
 DNA REPLICATION
 TRANSCRIPTION
 TRANSLATION
Discovery of DNA
Griffith’s Experiments (1928)
Griffith’s experiments showed that hereditary material can pass from one bacterial cell to another.
The transfer of genetic material to one cell from another cell or from one organism to another organism is called transformation Replication
Structure of DNA
Transcription

Translation

DNA – The Blueprint of Life

 Established by James Watson and Francis Crick (1950’s)
 DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the cell.
 Shape of a double helix
 Made up of repeating sub-units called nucleotides

DNA codes for genes

Gene - A segment of DNA that codes for a protein, which in turn codes for a trait (skin tone, eye color…etc.), a gene is a stretch of DNA.

Deoxyribonucleic acid - DNA

Monomer: nucleotides
Each nucleotides has:
Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate group
(1 of 4) nitrogen containing base

The 4 Bases in DNA are:

Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)

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Adenine (A)

Nitrogen Rings
Purines have double rings of carbon- nitrogen (G, A)
Pyrimidines have single carbon-nitrogen rings (C, T)

Complementary Base Pairing

Base Pairing Rules
C and G
T and A
Hydrogen Bonds
How do the nitrogenous bases stick together?
Hydrogen bonds
3 H bonds hold G & C together
2 H bonds hold T & A together
DNA Replication
 Occurs when chromosomes duplicate before
mitosis & meiosis
 Makes an exact copy of the DNA
 H bonds between bases break and enzymes
“unzip” the molecule

Protein Synthesis
The Central Dogma: the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to Protein
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid

2nd type of nucleic acid

Monomer = nucleotide
Ribose sugar
1 of 4 N bases
Phosphate group

N-bases:
A, G, C, & U
Uracil replaces Thymine

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Base pairing rules: A-U, G-C

Purpose: to transfer genetic material from DNA (inside the nucleus) to the site of protein synthesis (in the cytoplasm)

Types of RNA:
Messenger RNA (mRNA):
Carries genetic info from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Transfer RNA (tRNA):
Carries specific amino acids to the ribosome to build the protein
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA):
Major component of the ribosome organelle
Site of protein synthesis
Most abundant type of RNA

How is RNA made?

Transcription
The process by which RNA is copied from DNA in the nucleus

Steps of Transcription:
1. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter section of DNA
2. DNA unwinds and separates
3. RNA polymerase adds nucleotides complimentary to the DNA template strand
4. Process ends once RNA polymerase reaches the termination signal on the DNA

Products of Transcription:
mRNA, tRNA, & rRNA
All products move out of the nucleus and go into the cytoplasm to be used in protein synthesis
Protein Synthesis:
The making of proteins at the ribosome
The amount and kind of proteins produced in a cell determine its structure & function
Proteins carry out the genetic instruction in DNA
Protein Review:
Monomer = amino acids
20 different types
Linked together by peptide bonds
Sequence of amino acids determines the proteins structure and function

The Genetic Code:

The correlation between nucleotide sequence (DNA or RNA) and amino acid sequence (protein)
Codons: combination of 3 mRNA nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid

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 Types of codons:
64 codons code for 20 amino acids
Thus more than one codon codes for an AA
Start codon: (AUG) starts the process of translation
Stop codons: (UAA, UAG, UGA) ends the process of translation

Translation:
The process of assembling polypeptides (proteins) from nucleotide sequence in mRNA
“Translating” from one language (nucleotides) into another language (amino acids)
Steps of Translation
During translation, amino acids are assembled from information encoded in mRNA
As mRNA codons move through the ribosome, tRNA’s add specific amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
The process continues until a stop codon is reached and the newly made protein is released.
D. Application
Post Activity
Title: DNA Telephone Game
“Getting the Message Across”

 The class will be divided into three (3) groups according to their talent (singing, dancing and drawing.
 They will be given only 5 minutes to do the task.
Goals:
1. Identify the locations of Key Genetic Molecule (DNA, mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA).
2. Describe the function of each key genetic molecules.
In short this game flows like this: four students will play either DNA, mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA. By preparing envelopes for each round of
this game featuring DNA Telephone Cards (i.e. instructions for each role), students will know how to share the message with the
"downstream" member according to the flow of genetic information.

IV. Assessment
Activity: DNA Detective!
Research Integration (Data Gathering and Interpretation)
 The class will be divided into three (3) groups.
 They will be given only 5 minutes to do the task.
The activity provides experience with several of the science capabilities:
 gather and interpret data
 use evidence
 critique evidence
 interpret representations.
In this activity each group will take a closer look at a crime scene, decide what evidence to collect and how to get it back safely to the lab.

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Each group will do DNA profiling and compare different profiles using the given DNA Sequence to see if they can help to solve the crime.
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you think has happened in the crime scene?
2. What could you collect as evidence?
3. Who is the suspect?

V. Assignment
For your performance task, make a video (demonstration) on a step-by-step process of Central Dogma. You will be graded based on the
given Rubrics.

Group
themselves

Doing the Task

Group
themselves

Doing the Task

VI. Reflection
We all know that it is difficult for us to travel this time of pandemic due to the outbreak of Covid-19. Outline the step-by-step
process on how to travel going to Surigao City using the flow in Central Dogma.

Crime Case
Anything that
can trace DNA
TOM EDISON

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Prepared by:

Ma. Jessibel C. Minguita

BSED – 2 (SCIENCE)
Checked by:

Dr. Joey G. Escauso EdD

Instructor