Interpolation at Regular (EQUI-SPACED) Interval.

:
For interpolation at regular interval we require the following table:
1. Forward difference table
2. Backward difference table

3. Forward (Diagonal) difference table Table 5.4 is made using forward difference operator Let

Table 5.3 Regular interval in x

x
y

be a collection with values of x at regular interval h, i.e., then forward differences are.

or
Similarly, second order difference are:

using these rule of differencing, we get the forward interpolation table for regular interval as given in next page.
Table 5.4 Forward difference table or diagonal difference table
2. Backward difference table Using backward operator

In backward operator, ;

These differences are placed in horizontal line of corresponding suffix. The table looks like as given in Table
5.5.

Table 5.5 Backward difference table or horizontal table

1. Forward table:
Table 5.6 Forward difference table

X y I diff. ( II diff. ( III diff. ( IV diff. (

0 1
14
2 13 16

30 0
4 43 16 0

46 0
6 89 16

62
8 151
2. Backward table:
Table 5.7 Backward difference table

X y
0 1

2 13 14

4 43 30 16

6 89 46 16 0

8 151 62 16 0 0
Finite Difference Operators.:

1. alled forward operator

2. called backward operator

3. E, shift operator

4. , called averaging operator

5. , called central operator

In the two sections, we have discussed about first two operators.

The third operator E is defined as

, , etc.
Relations.:

These relations are used in deriving the forward and backward interpolation formulas.
Newton-Gregory Forward Interpolation.:
We have been given a set of data in x and y where x are at regular interval. We can make the forward difference
table as per Table 5.4

Table 5.8 Forward table

Let x be an intermediate value of x (not appearing on the table) and y be the corresponding value ,
Jump, from is two jumps. Suppose we have arrived at x from by p jumps. Same number of jumps we must have
taken to come to y from .

Therefore, y = and
We know that

or (5.1)

This is called Newton-Gregory forward interpolation formula.

The values of etc. will be available from forward table 5.8 and
Example 1.: Find the value of y(3) from the following data:
x 0 2 4 6 8
y 13 43 89 151

Sol.
The difference table of the data is already given in table v5.5

X y

0 1
14
2 13 16

30 0
4 43 16 0

46 0
6 89 16

62
8 151
Interpolation is at x = 3, which is located at the upper half of the table. So we get use N-G forward formula and
take first forward diagonal. The formula is

Where x =
3 = 0 + p.2, given p = 1.5

If some one uses second diagonal then

Where x =
3 = 2 + p.2, given p = 0.5