BAB 11

SHAFTING AND PROPELLERS

Anggota Kelompok :

1. Muhammad Ridwan Efendy (20220210026) TP

2. Yulius Toi (20220210010) TP
3. Muhammad Mirdas (20220210003) TP
4. Difa Taufiqurrahman (20220220022) TSP
5. Bima Putra Marida (20220220011) TSP
 THRUST BLOCK

The thrust block transfers the thrust from the propeller to the hull
of the ship. It must therefore be solidly constructed and mounted
on to a rigid seating or framework to perform its task. It may be
an independent unit or an integral part of the main propulsion
engine. Both ahead and astern thrusts must be catered for and
the construction must be strong enough to withstand normal and
shock loads. Other designs employ a complete ring of pads. An
oil scraper deflects the oil lifted by the thrust collar and directs it
onto the pad stops. The thrust shaft is manufactured with
integral flanges for bolting to the engine or gearbox shaft and
the intermediate shafting, and a thrust collar for absorbing the
thrust.
PICTURE THRUST BLOCK
Sterntube bearing

The sterntube bearing serves two important

purposes. It supports the tailshaft and a
considerable proportion of the propeller weight. It
also acts as a gland to prevent the entry of sea
water to the machinery space. Early arrangements
used bearing materials such as lignum vitae (a
very dense form of timber) which were lubricated
by sea water. Most modern designs use an oil
lubrication arrangement for a white metal lined
sterntube bearing.
Shaft bearings

Shaft bearings are of two types, the aftermost tunnel bearing and
all others. The aftermost tunnel bearing has a top and bottom
bearing shell because it must counteract the propeller mass and
take a vertical upward thrust at the forward end of the tailshaft.
The other shaft bearings only support the shaft weight and thus
have only lower half bearing shells. The usual journal bush is
here replaced by pivoting pads. The tilting pad is better able to
carry high overloads and retain a thick oil lubrication film.
Lubrication is from a bath in the lower half of the casing, and an
oil thrower ring dips into the oil and carries it round the shaft as it
rotates. Cooling of the bearing is by water circulating through a
tube cooler in the bottom of the casing.
Sterntube seals

Special seals are fitted at the outboard and inboard ends of the tailshaft.
They are arranged to prevent the entry of sea water and also the loss of
lubricating oil from the stern bearing. Oil-lubricated stern bearings use
either lip or radial face seals or a combination of the two. Lip seals are
shaped rings of material with a projecting lip or edge which is held in
contact with a shaft to prevent oil leakage or water entry. A number of lip
seals are usually fitted depending upon the particular application. Face
seals use a pair of mating radial faces to seal against leakage. One face
is stationary and the other rotates. The rotating face of the after seal is
usually secured to the propeller boss.
Shafting
There may be one or more sections of intermediate
shafting between the thrust shaft and the tailshaft,
depending upon the machinery space location. All
shafting is manufactured from solid forged ingot steel
with integral flanged couplings. The shafting sections
are joined by solid forged steel fitted bolts. The
intermediate shafting has flanges at each end and
may be increased in diameter where it is supported by
bearings. The propeller shaft or tailshaft has a flanged
face where it joins the intermediate shafting.
Cavitation
Cavitation, the forming and bursting
of vapour-filled cavities or bubbles,
can occur as a result of pressure
variations on the back of a propeller
blade. The results are a loss of thrust,
erosion of the blade surface,
vibrations in the afterbody of the ship
and noise. It is usually limited to high-
speed heavily loaded propellers and
is not a problem under normal
operating conditions with a well
designed propeller.
Propeller

The propeller consists of a boss with several blades of

helicoidal form attached to it. When rotated it 'screws' or thrusts
its way through the water by giving momentum to the column
of water passing through it. The thrust is transmitted along the
shafting to the thrust block and finally to the ship's structure.
Although usually described as fixed, the pitch does vary with
increasing radius from the boss. A propeller which turns
clockwise when viewed from aft is considered right-handed and
most single-screw ships have right-handed propellers. A twin-
screw ship will usually have a right-handed starboard propeller
and a left-handed port propeller.
Propeller mounting

The propeller is fitted onto a taper on the tailshaft and a key may be inserted between the two:
alternatively a keyless arrangement may be used. A large nut is fastened and locked in place on the end
of the tailshaft: a cone is then bolted over the end of the tailshaft to provide a smooth flow of water
from the propeller. One method of keyless propeller fitting is the oil injection system. High-pressure oil
is injected between the tapered section of the tailshaft and the propeller. This reduces the friction
between the two parts and the propeller is pushed up the shaft taper by a hydraulic jacking ring.

The Pilgrim Nut is a patented device which provides a predetermined frictional grip between the
propeller and its shaft. The Pilgrim Nut is, in effect, a threaded hydraulic jack which is screwed onto the
tailshaft
Controllable-pitch propeller

A controllable-pitch propeller is made up of a boss with separate blades mounted into it. An internal
mechanism enables the blades to be moved simultaneously through an arc to change the pitch angle
and therefore the pitch. When a pitch demand signal is received a spool valve is operated which
controls the supply of low-pressure oil to the auxiliary servo motor. The auxiliary servo motor moves
the sliding thrust block assembly to position the valve rod which extends into the propeller hub Varying
the pitch will vary the thrust provided, and since a zero pitch position exists the engine shaft may turn
continuously. The blades may rotate to provide astern thrust and therefore the engine does not requiree
to be reversed,
Propeller maintenance

When a ship is in dry dock the opportunity should be taken to thoroughly examine the propeller, and
any repairs necessary should be carried out by skilled dockyard staff. A careful examination should
be made around the blade edges for signs of cracks. Even the smallest of cracks should not be
ignored as they act to increase stresses locally and can result in the loss of a blade if the propeller
receives a sharp blow. Edge cracks should be welded up with suitable electrodes.
foreign words and ship engineering language

Propulsion Engine : Mesin penggerak utama kapal

Oil scraper : Minyak pengikis
Shaft bearing : Poros bearing
Sterntube seals : Tabung penutup poros
Thrust collar : Kerah tekan
Face radial seals : Segel radial wajah
The usual journal bush : Semak jurnal biasa
Pitch : Melempar
Spool : Kumparan
Tail shaft : Ekor poros
Flanged face : Wajah bergelang
Pilgrim nut : Dongkrak hidrolik berulir