COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE

Bed Plate
 Material → Cast iron, Mild steel
 bolted at tank top with thicker plates and girders
 base of engine carries the other component of the engine structure
 strength and stiffness required for bedplate to withstand the inertia loads of
moving parts, dead load supported element and forces from the firing
cylinder gases
 transmit the engine load including propeller thrust to the ship structure and
distribute these over necessary Area and collect ensure alignment of
crankshaft
 collect Crankcase lube oil and return it to the drain tank for recirculation
 bolted at tank top with thicker plates and girders

A-Frame
 A in shape
 Provide support to the cylinder block from the bed plate
 fitted at each transverse girders and tie bolts pass through A-frame
 helps stiffening of the engine -Welded A Frame contribute 40% of engines
stiffness

Entabulature
 housing which holds the cylinder liner, along With the scavenge air space
and cooling water spaces
 made of cast iron
 Entablature, A-frame and Bed plate are bolted by tie rods.
 comprise of cooling jacket for cylinder liner
 provided with O-ring to avoid leakage of Jacket water in to the piston under
space

Tie rods
 keeps whole engine structure under compression
 transmit the firing load to the bed plate
 hydraulically tightened
 Placed as close to the centreline of crankshaft of engine to minimize the
bending movement in transverse girder.
 If tie rod loose or broken it leads to vibration ,fretting of mating surface,
Crankshaft misalignment
 transmit firing pressure forces of piston directly to main bearing and
consequently to the engine frame
Crankshaft
 moving part of engine transform linear motion of piston into rotation motion
 Pistons are connected to crankshaft through the connecting rod.
 also transmit power to other engine system
-valve timing
- Oil pump
- Cooling pump (water)
-Ac compressor
-alternator
 heavily stressed subjected to fluctuating loads due to the inertia forces of
rotating masses, combustion gas pressure loads , high bending and torsion
forces,
 The engine torque is not Continuous because its Produced only when each
piston is on expansion cycle Due to this flywheel is mounted onto the
crankshaft in order to stable the engine torque and reduce vibration

Types
 Fully built – All parts separately manufactured by steel casting or forging
 semi-built - One crank pin & web together and separate journal pin
 Solid single piece - Whole crankshaft forged as one single piece
 Fully welded crankshaft- Full, half forged or cast Crank throws journal pin by
continuous narrow gap, submerged arc welding

Camshaft
 long slender rod that has several individual cam lobes attached to it
 responsible for pushing against valve that open and Close the exhaust
stroke and compression Strule
 Camshaft is connected to crankshaft via gear (chains or belts) Called timing
belt or timing chain.
Liner
 Material- Cast iron with alloys of nickel, chromium ,molybdenum, vanadium
copper and titanium
 lubrication quills - non return valve passing through the jacket water space
which supply cylinder lube oil under pressure to the inner surface
 Lubrication Accumulator - fitted at out end of the Lubrication quills. it
delivers on through non return ball valve only when the cylinder pressure
falls below the accumulator pressure
Liner wear
 Corrosive wear - Acidic corrosion (sulphur form sulphuric acid at the wall of
liner)
 Abrasive wear- hard particle of ash deposits and catalytic fines which
continuously cut scratch and plough the liner surface
 friction or Adhesive wear- piston ring friction
 Clover leaf wear - It is the uneven wear in the shape of a clover leaf on the
liner surface in the radial mode. Uneven distribution of cylinder lube oil
causes the depletion of its TBN, before it has completely covered the liner
surface. High corrosive wear occurs on the liner surface between oil
injection points

Cylinder head
 Material - Grey Cast iron, molybdenum steel
 Cover for cylinder liner, also seals the combustion space
 sustain dynamic thermal and mechanical loads by combustion gas load and
temperature
 houses exhaust Valve, fuel injectors, starting air valve, safety valve
indicators cock, cooling water passage

Crosshead
 it is a mechanisms used as port of slider crank linkage of long reciprocating
engine and reciprocating compressor to eliminate sideways pressure on the
piston
 enables the connecting rod to freely move outside the Cylinder
 Connect the piston rod to connecting rod
 On either side of Crosshead pin red Crane mounted the Crosshead Slippers
the slippers run up and down in the Crosshead guides as the piston and rod
are reciprocating and prevent the top of connecting rod from moving
sideways

Stuffing Box
 Stuffing Box is a sealing gland, having numerous applications on a ship. It is
kind of a packing material used to seal pump, valve, stern-tubes etc. It is
also used in boats, where the propeller shaft it protrudes out of the hull.
Stuffing box serves two main purposes
 It act as a sealing material to prevent leaks
 It keeps the system operational and in cool condition.
In diesel engines
 found in the bore for the piston rod in the bottom of the scavenge air box
 prevents the entry of lubricating oil from the crankcase into the scavenge
air space(lower scraper rings, steel )
 Prevents the leaking of scavenge air mixed with cylinder oil and product of
combustion from scavenge space to the crankcase. (sealing rings, brass)

Construction

Exhaust valve
Rocker arm exhaust valve
 On older engines the cam follower lifts a push rod, which operates a rocker
arm and opens the valve.
 Disadvantage –
i) Push rod and rocker arm is heavy and the engine must overcome the
inertia of these heavy parts
ii) Springs which ensure the valve closes will weaken with use and are liable
to break.
iii) The motion of the rocker arm is an arc of a circle, which will tend to move
the exhaust valve sideways, causing wear on the exhaust valve guide
which locates the exhaust valve spindle. Exhaust gas can then leak up
the spindle, causing overheating and accelerating wear
Hydraulic exhaust valve
 Cam operates a hydraulic pump. Oil (from engine L.O system) displaced by
the pump operates a piston in exhaust valve which pushes the valve open
 The valve has air spring, Air at 7 bar led underside the piston attached to the
valve spindle as the valve open, Also underneath the piston is compressed
 As the hydraulic pressure is relived to close the valve, compressed air is
expand and Close the valve
 To prevent possibility air lock the hydraulic system has a small leak off at the
top of the exhaust valve hydraulic cylinder.
 The air is supplied with a small amount of oil for lubrication purposes. Air is
also led down the exhaust valve guide. This keeps the guide cool and
lubricated, and prevents the exhaust gas leaking up the guide. Excess oil
which collects at the bottom of the air spring cylinder is drained to a
collecting tank.
 Valve spindle is fitted with a winged valve rotator it rotates the valve to keep
it at even temperature. also help to reduce deposit on valve seat
 When the valves are overhauled, the valves and seats are not lapped
together. Instead special grinding equipment is used to grind the seat and
spindle to the correct angles.
 Material –
Cage -cast iron
Guide -cast iron
Renewable valve seat - hardened molybdenum Steel
Valve spindle -molybdenum chrome alloy
Connecting rod
 Fitted between Crosshead and crankshaft
 converts reciprocating motion to rotary motion together with crankshaft

Top Bracing
 The longitudinal vibration from the piston movement is transmitted to the
crosshead guides and then to the engine structure
 Bracing or struts are fitted on the topmost part of the engine to provide
support via the bracing shims and plates.
 Because of the large size of marine diesel engines producing in between
100 to 900 horsepower. These engines produce lots of noise
and vibration which if not checked or compensated can harm the engine and
affects ship hull
 If this vibration surpasses a given threshold that the engine structure cannot
cope with its effects it simply results in severe engine damage and large
cracks
 The other dampers type fitted on the marine engine to fight against the axial,
longitudinal and torsional vibration are:
i. Axial dampers
ii. Torsional dampers
iii. Flexible coupling
iv. Side bracings

Holding down bolts and Chocks

Epoxy resin chocks
Advantages over cast iron chocks
 Approved by all class.
 Better contact without machining the bedplate or tank top.
 Can be operated at 80°c.
 Fuel & L.O. corrosion eliminated.
 No fretting because these gets adhered to the bed plate.
 Reduces noise.
 Fitting is in hours not in days or weeks.
 High physical properties at elevated temperature.

Fuel system