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Three different types of Biodiversity
 He a l t h & M e di c i ne
Herbal Medicine
• Plants that have been used for illnesses since 2600 BC.

Cupressus Sempervirens & Commiphora Myrrha

• Have been used for coughs, colds and inflammation since the ancient times.

• Herbal Medicines were also used in healing rituals and for treatment if injuries.
• In Ancient Egypt and Ancient China they used various plant-based drugs.
• The monasteries in England, Ireland, France and Germany preserved the Western
knowledge of treating illnesses using herbal medicine.
Examples:
• Salvia apiana (california sage) - a herbal plant used by indian tribes to aid the child birth and believed to protect the
immune system.
• Alhagi maurorum (camel thorn) - a sweet and gummy substance from stems and leaves called 'manna' during hot days
(contains melizetos, and sucrose, an invert sugar.)
• it belived to have diuretic, diaphoretic, laxative, expectorant, gastro protective, antiseptic, and anti-diarrheal properties.

• Israelis were known to use the roots to treat diarrhea.

• Konkani people smoked the plant to treat asthma, and Romans used the plant to treat nasal polyps.
• Plant Lingusticum scoticum (Scottish lovage) believed to treat hysterical and uterine disorders (its seeds used to relieve
flatulence and to stimulate the senses.)

Commiphora Salvia apiana Alhagi maurorum Plant lingusticum

 Food
> is a basic need for human survival, During the stone age humans relied only on hunting
and foraging to get food.
> Agriculture and cultivation evolved from picking desirable crops and breeding animals
to maintaining stable supply of food to last for Long time periods of time as preparation
for the changing seasons and the possibility of natural disaster. They depended on what
the ecosystem could readily provide them as the earth's population grew.
>The term agrobiodiversity refers to the diversity of
plant and animal species found in the environment
that support ecosystem for food production.
 Humans rely on energy provided by ecosystems to do
the necessary activities in order to survive.
In the Stone Age, heat energy from the fire was used
mainly for survival against harsh cold environments, for
cooking and for communication with nearby tribes in
the form of smoke.

ENERGY_

In 1000 BC, Coal as a source of energy was

used by people in northeastern China for
heating and cooking.
In 400 BC, Water Energy or hydro-power was used by the Ancient Greeks
and Romans and for irrigation. In 347 AD, the earliest known oil wells were
developed in China. They made use of extensive bamboo pipelines with
depths of 800 feet for lightning and heating.

Windmills in the modern pinwheel shape were developed in Western Europe between 500
and 900 AD, and in 1390, the Dutch built larger windmills to drain lakes and marshes in the
Rhine River Delta. Wind energy was also used to traverse bodies of water. During the
Industrial Revolution of the 1700s and 1800s, biomass was replaced as a primary source of
energy by coal, and the British discovered that burning coal transforms it into hot burning
coke, a fuel with a high carbon content and few impurities.

In 1820s, Natural Gas was used as a source of light although the lack of pipe
line infrastructure made its distribution challenging.
In 1830s, the electric generator was developed based on Michael Faraday’s
discovery of electromagnetism.

In 1860s, Augustine Mouchot developed the first solar powered system .

Water Storage & Flood Control

WATER STORAGE
> water from rivers and lakes was also used for irrigation.
> To deal with the negative effects of changing tides, floodways were built to prevent flooding in nearby
communities, which usually resulted in crop damage.

TYPES OF WATER STORAGE:

 Groundwater
 soil moisture
 wetlands
 ponds and tanks
 dams
 Flood Control
> a flood is defined as “over flow of inland tidal waters causing rapid and usual
accumulation or run off of surface water. From any source or mudflow in
considerable area of land.”

The main causes of flood can be grouped in to two types:

1. Natural Causes - prolonged rainfall, high intensity rain fall, meandering
passage of rivers, land sliders, and volcanic eruptions, storm surge or tsunamic.
2. Man made causese - constractionsation, alteration of river passage,
deforestation, and farming.
AIR & WATER TREATMENT

 Aeration is the process of passing air through, mixing with, or dissolving a liquid or substance.

 Aeration is the process by which water and air come into close contact in order to remove dissolved gases and oxidize
dissolved metals such as iron, hydrogen sulfide, and volatile organic chemicals (VOCs). This is usually the first major
process at a drinking water treatment plant, and it also occurs in the secondary treatment processes of activated
sludge treatment in wastewater treatment plants. An aeration system with an evenly distributed oxygen supply is
critical for effective wastewater treatment and microbial growth.
 According to the Missouri Rural Water Association, the amount of surface contact between air and water determines
aeration efficiency. The size of the water drop or air bubble is primarily responsible for this. Aeration brings water and
air together by exposing drops or thin sheets of water to air or by introducing small bubbles of air and allowing them
to rise through the water. The solution's dissolved gases are then removed and allowed to escape into the surrounding
air.
 Wastewater Treatment Aeration is a secondary treatment process in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment.
According to Oxymem, the most common secondary treatment option is activated sludge.
  It is necessary to improve the
implementation of regulations and global
protocols such as the Montreal Protocol
and the Kyoto Protocol.

 Substances that deplete the ozone layer

are being phased out under the Montreal
Protocol. This is a 1987 international
agreement. It was intended to halt the
PROTOCOLS & production and import of ozone-
BIODIVERSITY_ depleting substances, as well as to reduce
their concentration in the atmosphere, in
order to help protect the earth's ozone
layer.

 The Kyoto Protocol is an international

agreement that expanded on the 1992
framework convention on climate
change, which aimed to manage and
reduce carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gas emissions.
 The Cartagena Protocol among ten Pacific countries, namely, Fiji, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Palau,
Papua New Guinea, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, and Tonga.

 Cartagena Protocol aims to ensure the safe transport, handling, and the use of living modified organisms (LMOs)
resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on biodiversity. It is linked to the Convention on
Biological Diversity, which helps to protect Pacific communities and biodiversity from the consequences of living
modified organism.
T H A N K
YO U !