Introduction to

BIODIVERSITY
Presented by: GROUP 2
What we'll discuss
● Ecosystems and Living Organisms
● Biological Resources
● The 2010 International Year of Diversity
●Biotechnology
● Genetically Modified Organisms
●Genetic Modification
● Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
● Genetically Modified Golden rice falls short on
lifesaving promises
● Ecosystems
●2010 International Year
ECO S Y S T E M
An ecosystem is a geographic area where
plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as
weather and landscape, work together to form
a bubble of life. Ecosystems contain biotic or
living, parts, as well as abiotic factors, or
nonliving parts. Biotic factors include plants,
animals, and other organisms. Abiotic factors
include rocks, temperature, and humidity
The term ecosystem first appeared in a 1935 publication by the
British ecologist Arthur Tansley (Tansley 1935). However, the term
had been coined already in 1930 by Tansley's colleague Roy
Clapham, who was asked if he could think of a suitable word to
denote the physical and biological components of an
environment considered in relation to each other as a unit.
Tansley expanded on the term in his later work, adding the
ecotope concept to define the spatial context of ecosystems
(Tansley 1939).
 E co sy st em s m ay B e ca te go ri ze d in
di ff er en t m an n er s. Fo ll ow in g ar e
so m e ex am pl es of di ve rs e ec os ys te m s:
Riverine ecosystem
-River ecosystem
- Stream ecosystem
-Spring ecosystem
Lacustrine ecosystem
-Pond ecosystem
-Lake ecosystem
● Marine ecosystem
■■Estuary
-Coastal water ecosystem
ecosystem
○
○
Lagoon ecosystem
Coral reef ecosystem
○ Soft-bottom continental shelf ecosystem
○○Open
Upwelling continental shelf ecosystem
ocean ecosystem
Polar ocean ecosystem (the Arctic and Antarctic oceans)
●another(estuaries
Boundary ecosystem (where one body of water meets
and lagoons);where a body of water meets land
(wetlands); where one land area meets another land type)
●● Soil ecosystem
Polar ecosystem (in polar regions, such as polar barrens and
tundra)
●● Mountain ecosystem
Agroecosystems (farms, livestock production systems
●● Forest ecosystem
Grassland ecosystem
● Urban ecosystem (cities, suburbs)

Threats to Ecosystems

For thousands of years, people have interacted with ecosystems. Many cultures developed
around nearby ecosystems. As human populations have grown, however, people have
overtaken many ecosystems. The tallgrass prairie of the Great Plains, for instance, became
farmland. Human activity threatens all these rainforest ecosystems in the Amazon.
Thousands of acres of land are cleared for farmland, housing, and industry.
However, the destruction of rainforest ecosystems has its costs. Many modern medicines have
been developed from rainforest plants. Curare, a muscle relaxant, and quinine, used to treat
malaria, are just two of these medicines. Many scientists worry that destroying the rainforest
ecosystem may prevent more medicines from being developed.

Unfortunately, it’s our Human daily activities that are causing

harm to our ecosystem. Examples of this are: Over hunting (rhinos,
Tigers, Elephants, Lions, and many more). Over Fishing,
Deforestation and of course pollution
Reboundin g E c o s y s t e m s

Ecosystems can recover from destruction, however. The delicate coral reef
ecosystems in the South Pacific are at risk due to rising ocean temperatures and
decreased salinity. Corals bleach, or lose their bright colors, in water that is too
warm. They die in water that isn't salty enough. Without the reef structure, the
ecosystem collapses. Organisms such as algae, plants such as seagrass, and
animals such as fish, snakes, and shrimp disappear.

Individual people, cultures, and governments are working to preserve ecosystems that are
important to them. The government of Ecuador, for instance, recognizes ecosystem rights in the
country's constitution. The so-called Rights of Nature says Nature or Pachamama [Earth], where
life is reproduced and exists, has the right to exist, persist, maintain and regenerate its vital cycles,
structure, functions, and its processes in evolution. Every person, people, community or
nationality, will be able to demand the recognition of rights for nature before the public bodies.
Ecuador is home not only to rainforest ecosystems, but also river ecosystems and the remarkable
ecosystems on the Galapagos Islands.
Genetically refers to genes. Genes are made up of
DNA, which is a set of instructions for how cells
grow and develop
Modified-implies that some change or tweak has
been made
Organism - refers to all living things, including
bacteria and fungi.
 Genetically Modified Organisms

organism that has been modified in the lab to meet the desirable physiological features or the
production of desired biological products.
 The Dolly Case (reproductive
cloning)
• Scientific procedures such as recombinant DNA technology and reproductive cloning are used to create
genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
• In reproductive cloning, a nucleus is retrieved from a cell of the individual to be
cloned and placed into the enucleated cytoplasm of a host eggian enucleated egy
is an egg cell that has had its own nucleus removed).
•Dolly, a sheep born in 1996, was the first animal created using this cloning procedure with a
nucleus from an adult donor cell (rather than a donar embryo). She was created by British
developmental biologist lan Wilmut and colleagues at the Roslin Institute near Edinburgh,
Scotland
 The Hybrid DNA
(Recombinant DNA technology)

• Recombinant DNA technology, on the other hand, is inserting

one or more individual genes from one species organism into the
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
of a different species. genome
. Although whole-genome replacement, involving transplanting
one bacterial into the "cell body," or cytoplasm, of another
microorganism, has been documented, it is still limited to
fundamental scientific applications.
 The Hybrid DNA
(Recombinant DNA
technology)
• Steps of DNA Recombination
1. Cut and Isolate desired ONA
2. Ligate into vector DNA
3. Insert into host cell
4. Grow host cel
Purpose
GMOs are sources of medicines, genetically modified foods, are widely used in scientific
research & to produce other goods
GMOs have wide arrays of applications in different fields of Biology
Human Gene
-Therapy
Research use
Transgenic Plants
(Crops)
Microbes Mammals
Producing food
quality traits
Genetic Modification
is a process for altering a plant's, animal's, or
microorganism's properties by transferring a
fragment of DNA from one organism to another.
 History of Genetically Modified Organisms
Humans have been using traditional modification methods like selective breeding and cross-breeding for thousands of
years to breed plants and animals with more desirable traits. To date, scientists have engineered bacteria that produce
medication-grade drugs. crops with built-in pesticides, and beagles that glow in the dark. While these are all relatively
recent advances in scientific technology, humans have been altering the genetics of organisms for over 30,000 years.
Around 32,000 years ago
Wild wolves in East Asia joined groups of humans as scavengers. They were domesticated and
then artificially selected to increase docility, leading to dogs that are closely related to what are
currently known as Chinese native dogs
Circa 8000BCE
Human uses traditional modification methods like selective breeding and crossbreeding to
breed plants and animals with more desirable traits
1866
Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, breed two different types of peas and identifies the basic
process of genetics

1922
The first hybrid com is produced and sold commercial
1953
Building on discoveries of chemist Rosalind frankin, scientist
James Watson and Francis Crick identify the structure of DNA
 The Future of GMO
Technology

There are countless potential uses of GE technology in development. These include plants with
superior disease and drought resistance, animals with enhanced growth properties, and strategies
for more efficient pharmaceutical production
The United Nations predicts that by 2050, humans will need to produce 70% more food than we
currently do in order to adequately feed the global population.

Genetically Modified Golden rice falls short on lifesaving promises

It is considered essentially a "crime against humanity Golden rice is the first genetically modified crop in the world
designed to benefit consumers rather than farmers. The most significant challenge to putting such environmentally
friendly, economical, and nutritious food on the global table is no longer scientific, but political As soon as golden
rice is available, the next step should be to educate legislators and the general
public about its benefits and why millions of children have died while waiting for it. In December 2019. the Government
of the Philippines approved Golden Rice as safe to eat, following similar approvals by regulators in Canada, the US and
Australia and New Zealand (2017/2018). Its efficacy has not yet been assessed and it is not yet approved for cultivation.
There is no GM rice currently grown or sold anywhere in the world
 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
- biological resources refer to the living landscape the plants, animals, and other aspects of nature
that occur on farmland, forests, and other natural lands. It can be a substance or object required
by an organism for normal growth, maintenance, and reproduction

Examples of biological resources

Foods
Medical resources
Wood products
Ornamental plants
Wild life

Biological sources make up the ingredients for many items that we used in our daily
lives like personal care and beauty products. Shampoo, dye, lotion, cosmetics, perfumes,
clapers, nail polish remover, and soap represent only a few examples of blology-based
everyday items
 Cat e g o r i e s o f
bi o l o g i c a l r e s o u r c e s :
Primary Resources
Gonorated for specific application orientent purposes forestry, agriculture;
aquaculture.
▸ Secondary Resources
Generated during primary processing in industrial processing is by-products or
residues during maintenances of large green areas
Tertiary Resources -
Occar as residues in small amounts at the generation place which are not graine
Show uncontrolled modification, such as modification during storage may have calen
place,

Quaternary Bioresources
Occur after a product is used and can be distinguished according to the time franyes
of the generation after the start of utilization into short, mid, and long-term
categories.
 Importance of Biologi
cal
▸ Economy Resources
-Biodiversity does not only consumed by humans but is also used as a business and used for
production for many livelihoods such as tammers, fishers, timber workers, who are dependent
on bidogical sources
Ecological life support
- Biorascurtas provide a functioning ecosystem that supplies clean water plants, animals, and many
ecosystem services.
Recreation
-Bioresources can also provide fun and joy to some people, such as gardening fishing, and other
recreational activities that involve bioresources.

What if there are no

bioresources?

There are many problems aurounding our lives, such an illness and food shortages Various
bioresources are used in research and development Without bioresources, they cannot conduct
researches of diseases or drug development, Issues on the environment energy and food that
support our lives would remain unsolved in addition, bioresources are necessary for a recesech on
health and production of proper amount of food
 Biotechnology

Biotechnology is technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to
develop or create different products.

At its simplest, biotechnology is technology based on biology - biotechnology harnesses cellular

and biomolecular processes to develop technologies and products that help improve our lives and
the health of our planet. We have used the biological processes of microorganisms for more than
6,000 years to make useful food products, such as bread and cheese, and to preserve dairy
products.
 Applications and Examples of
Biotechnology:

Y
Bread baking (Yeast is a living organism used in bread making)
Nanotechnology – Microscopic equipment entering the body, such as nanobots which can
control brain signal to brain cells
Regenerative Medicine – Stem cell research and cloning
Agriculture – Genetically modified Organisms thru gene editing
Industrial biotechnology has produced enzymes for use in our daily lives and for the
manufacturing sector. For instance, meat tenderizer is an enzyme and some contact lens
cleaning fluids contain enzymes to remove sticky protein deposits.
Pros:
1. Improves Medical Treatment – Especially with diseases that come from genetics.
Cancer study will arise with biotechnology
2. Conserves resources – Food preservation methods, generating food
3. Food lifespan
4. Minimizes pesticide usage – Scientists are able to design crops that are resistant to parasites
and pests
 Cons:
1. Ethics –
Biotechnology uses selective crossbreeding on the modification of genes. In stem cell
research, the cells are taken from embryos. Therefore, possibly harming the babies.

2. Many unknowns –
A lot of what biotechnology does can have unforeseen consequences during the
genetic modification process. Such as changing the genes of crops to grow in a
different climate. We do not know the possible consequence of this.

3. Can be weaponized –
Someone can change certain species in order to make them harmful to humans.
Example is creating genetically modified super soldiers using gene editing.
 2010 Year of biodiversity
In 2002, world leaders agreed to substantially reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010. The 2010
Biodiversity Target was subsequently integrated into the Millennium Development Goals.

It was meant to help raise awareness of the importance of biodiversity

through activities and events, to influence decision makers, and "to elevate
biological diversity nearer to the top of the political agenda"

The International Year of Biodiversity celebrates life on earth and biodiversity’s

value for people’s lives. People around the world are invited to participate in
activities and events that promote the International Year of Biodiversity in 2010.
Through action, it is anticipated that the variety of life on earth – biodiversity –
will be safeguarded. There are many ways in which individuals, government
bodies, and non-government organizations plan on participating in this event.
REFERECES
Thank You
for listening!
MEMBERS
Ian Peter L. Lastimosa
Noel B. Emaas
Kean Drei F. Haspela
John Rodick C. Bongat
Justin Ira A. Natividad
Bea Jones M. Verdejo