Historical Antecedents in

which Social
Considerations change the
course of Science and
Technology
Maria Socorro M Gener, RN,LPT
LEARNING
OUTCOME
S
Articulate ways by
which society is
transformed by science
and technology
 Sir Isaac Newton
(1642-1727)
English physicist and mathematician, who was the
culminating figure of the Scientific Revolution of the 17th
century. In optics, his discovery of the composition of white
light integrated the phenomena of colors into the science of 
light and laid the foundation for modern physical optics. In 
mechanics, his three laws of motion, the basic principles of
modern physics, resulted in the formulation of the 
law of universal gravitation.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isaac-Newton#:~:text=English%20physicist%20and
%20mathematician%2C%20who,the%20history%20of%20modern%20science.
 Sir Isaac Newton discoveries
In1704, he literally wrote the book on the
refraction of light. Jazzily titled "Opticks," the
work changed the way we think about light and
color.
Using a lamp and a prism, Newton
experimented by running white light through a
prism to separate it into a rainbow of colors.
The prism trick was nothing new, but scientists
assumed the prism colored the light. By
reflecting the scattered beams into another
prism, however, Newton reformed them back
Newton disperses light
into white light, proving that the colors were a
with a glass prism, known characteristic of the light itself.
as OPTICS
 Laws of Motion

Newton's second law states that the

An object will remain at acceleration of an object is directly
rest or moving in a related to the net force and inversely
straight line unless acted related to its mass. Acceleration of an
upon by an external force object depends on two things, force and
 Through the reflecting telescope
● Newton was born into an age of lackluster
telescopes. Even the better models used a
set of glass lenses to magnify an image.
● As an improvement, Newton proposed the
use of reflecting mirrors rather than
refracting lenses. A large mirror would
capture the image, then a smaller mirror
would bounce it into the viewer's eye.
● Not only does this method produce a clearer
Newton's telescope rests next to a
image, it also allows for a much smaller
statue of the great man at the Royal telescope.
Society in London
 Intellectual revolutions
that define society

01
COPERNIC
02 03 04
DARWINI FREUDIA INFORMAT
AN AN N ION
Geocentric Theory of Psychoanalytic Information
understanding of Evolution Theory of Revolution in
the universe Personality Education
 Intellectual revolutions that
define society

05 06 07 08 ASIAN
MESO-
Asia Pacific is MIDDLE AFRICAN
AMERICA much more
EAST
N Global IT
producers African cultures
Maya, brought Information
Astronomy and including Japan, birthed
South Korea, Infrastructure
Architecture discoveries in
Singapore, and Technology
Astronomy
Taiwan,
Philippines and
Thailand
 01
Copernican
Geocentric understanding of the Universe
 Aristotle’s
Universe
• outermost sphere is the
primum mobile, whose
motion moves the other
spheres
• for Christians, beyond this
is heaven where the angels
and blessed reside

https://bit.ly/3tmX2cc
  Earth is center of the
Solar System
Over 2000 years ago,
he proposed 55
concentric circles to
which celestial objects
were attached and
rotated at different
velocities.

https://bit.ly/3tmX2cc
 Ptolemy's geocentric model was based
on the idea that Earth is the center of the
universe, while Copernicus's heliocentric
model was developed around the idea
that the Sun is at the center. While these
two models were based on opposing
ideas, they shared a common belief in
uniform circular motion and the use of
epicycles.

https://bit.ly/3tmX2cc
 The geocentric model was
the leading model for
hundreds of years because it
conformed to the common
beliefs from observations
and religious doctrine of the
time.

https://bit.ly/3tmX2cc
 Copernican Revolution, shift
in the field of Astronomy from
a geocentric understanding of
the universe, centered around
the Earth to a heliocentric
understanding, centered
around the sun, as articulated
by Polish Astronomer,
Nicolaus Copernicus in the
16th century.

https://bit.ly/3tmX2cc
 However, Copernicus's heliocentric
model does not use epicycles to
explain retrograde motion like
Ptolemy's geocentric model. In order
to explain retrograde motion,
Copernicus uses the different orbital
speeds of the planets as an
explanation to the seemingly
backward motion of the planets in
the sky.
 Copernican Revolution
Ideas that changed the world.
Ancient people studied the stars, the
sun, and the motions of “the heavens,”
creating often far-fetched theories
about their observations. With tools
that enhanced astronomical
observations, great thinkers of the
ancient world made more precise and
complex guesses about how the
universe worked.

https://bit.ly/3tmX2cc
 02
Darwinian
Theory of Evolution
Greatest Discovery: Design
without designer
https://www.pnas.org/content/106/Supplement_1/10040
 Theory of Evolution
Darwin’s greatest contribution to
Science is he completed the
Copernican Revolution by
drawing out for Biology the
notion of nature as a system of
matter in motion governed by
natural laws.

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRkEypO8Y-
LSyh9SPDN81jIWfLTVBUUHv-xLw&usqp=CAU
 With Darwin’s discovery of
natural selection, the origin and
adaptations of organisms were
brought into the realms of
Science. Theory of evolution
was Darwin’s fundamental
discovery.
 What is
evolution?
In biology, evolution is
the change in the
characteristics of a
species over several
generations and relies on
the process of natural
selection.
https://bit.ly/3tmX2cc
 The theory of evolution is
based on the idea that all
species are related and
gradually change over time.
Evolution relies on there being
genetic variation? in a
population which affects the
physical characteristics
(phenotype) of an organism.

https://bit.ly/3tmX2cc
• Some of these characteristics may
give the individual an advantage
over the individuals which they
can pass on to their offspring.
 Charles Darwin’s theory of
evolution states that evolution
happens by natural selection.
Individuals in a species show variation
in physical characteristics. This
variation is because of differences in
their genes.

https://bit.ly/3tmX2cc
https://bit.ly/3tmX2cc
.
Previous studies of Darwin's finch
communities on several Galápagos
islands over a period of just under a
decade established the importance of
food supply in determining the
number of species breeding on an
island, which particular species they
were, ecological differences between
them, and their abundances.
 03
Freudian
Intellectual Revolution
Freud’s revolution
maybe viewed as
the discovery of a
way of locating in
the mind objective
entities which can
be studied like
physical things.
L. Friedman
PMID: 335422
 L. Friedman
PMID: 335422
 Psychoanalytic theory postulates a
multitude of different change
mechanisms, and a host of new
ways of conceptualizing the change
process continue to emerge as
psychoanalytic theories themselves
evolve and proliferate. 
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/
medicine-and-dentistry/
psychoanalytic-theory
 At the most basic level, there is an understanding that
change generally involves making the unconscious
conscious, as expressed by Freud’s oft cited axiom:
“Where id has been there shall ego be.” 
 For Freud, a central premise was thus that we are driven
by unconscious wishes that we are unaware of and this
lack of awareness results in driven or self-defeating
behavior. Freud believed we delude ourselves about
reasons for our behaviors and this self-deception limits our
choice.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-
and-dentistry/psychoanalytic-theory
 Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychoanalytic theory divides the psyche into three
functions: the id—unconscious source of primitive
sexual, dependency, and aggressive impulses; the
superego—subconsciously interjects societal mores,
setting standards to live by; and the ego—represents a
sense of self and mediates between realities of the
moment and psychic needs and conflicts.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/
psychoanalytic-theory
 Three Functions
(Behavioral scenarios)
Ego
“Let’s
work on Super Ego
Id it”
“This is not
“I want the way to
this” get it”
 L. Friedman
PMID: 335422
Psychodynamic theory originated in the
psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund
Freud, and includes any theory based on
his ideas, including work by Carl Jung,
Alfred Adler, and Erik Erikson. It also
includes newer theories like object
relations.
• Psychodynamic theory is
comprised of a set of
psychological theories that
arise from the ideas that
humans are often driven by
unconscious motivations and
that adult personality and
relationships are often the
result of childhood
experiences.
It was Freud who first introduced the term psychodynamics
. He observed that his patients exhibited psychological
symptoms with no biological basis. Nevertheless, these
patients were unable to stop their symptoms despite their
conscious efforts. Freud reasoned that if the symptoms
couldn’t be prevented by conscious will, they must arise
from the unconscious. Therefore, the symptoms were the
result of the unconscious opposing the conscious will, an
interplay he dubbed "psychodynamics.
 STRENGTHS

First, it accounts on the childhood and adult personality

and mental health. Second, it explores the innate drives
that motivate our behavior. It points to the way the
unconscious mental processes influence their thoughts,
feelings, and behavior while the influence of childhood
relationships and experiences on later development.
 Weaknesses

First, critics often accuse it of being too

deterministic, and therefore, denying that
people can exercise conscious free will. In
other words, by emphasizing the unconscious
and the roots of personality in childhood
experience, psychodynamic theory suggests
that behavior is pre-determined and ignores
the personal identity.
 Psychodynamic theory is also criticized for being
unscientific and unfalsifiable—it is impossible to
prove the theory to be false. Many of Freud’s theories
were based on single cases observed in therapy and
remain difficult to test. For example, there’s no way to
empirically research the unconscious mind. Yet, there
are some psychodynamic theories that can be studied,
which has led to scientific evidence for some of its
tenets.
https://www.thoughtco.com/psychodynamic-theory-4588302
“ One day in retrospect, the years of
struggle will strike you as the most
beautiful.
—Someone Famous
 04
Information
Information Revolution in Education
https://bit.ly/3jTRUta
Information revolution refers to the
period of progressive computer
development which greatly
increase the spread and
accessibility of information. The
movement emerged in the 1950’s
as a result of growing computer
industry and actively continues
today.
According to 
Information Technology Tren
ds in 2019
:
“Information technology refers to
anything related to computing
technology. The Internet, for
example, comes under the
umbrella term IT. So does
computer hardware, software,
and networking.”
 How it has evolved over the years.

Prior to the rise of the Internet, no innovation did

more for the spread and democratization of
knowledge than Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press.
Developed around 1440 in Mainz, Germany, 
Gutenberg’s machine improved on already existing
presses through the use of a mould that allowed for
the rapid production of lead alloy type pieces. This
assembly line method of copying books enabled a
single printing press to create as many as 3,600 pages
per day.
Magnetic compasses may have been made somewhat
obsolete by satellites and global positioning
systems, but their impact on early navigation and
exploration was inestimable. Originally invented
in China, by the 14th century compasses had
widely replaced astronomical means as the
primary navigational instrument for mariners. The
compass provided explorers with a reliable
method for traversing the world’s oceans, a
breakthrough that ignited the Age of Discovery
and won Europe the wealth and power that later
fueled the Industrial Revolution. Most
importantly, the compass allowed for interaction
—both peaceful and otherwise—between
previously isolated world cultures.
Throughout much of human history, money took
the form of precious metals, coins and even raw
materials like livestock or vegetables. The
inception of paper money ushered in a bold new
era—a world in which currency could purchase
goods and services despite having no intrinsic
value. Paper currency was widely used in China
in the ninth century, but did not appear in
Europe until the late 1600s.
Spurred on by frequent shortages of coins, banks
issued paper notes as a promise against future
payments of precious metals.
The switch to paper money not only
bailed out struggling governments
during times of crisis—as it did for
the United States during the 
Civil War—but it also ushered in a
new era of international monetary
regulation that changed the face of
global economics. Perhaps even
more importantly, paper currency
was the vital first step in monetary
system that led to the birth of e
banking and credit card system.
While they are easy to take for granted, all it
takes is a short power outage to remind us of
the importance of artificial lights. Pioneered
in the early 19th century by Humphry Davy
and his carbon arc lamp, electric lights
developed throughout the 1800s thanks to the
efforts of inventors like Warren de la Rue,
Joseph Wilson Swan and Thomas Alva
Edison. It was Edison and Swan who
patented the first long-lasting light bulbs in
1879 and 1880, liberating society from a
near-total reliance on daylight. https://bit.ly/3jTRUta
A criminally under-appreciated innovation,
the transistor is an essential component
in nearly every modern electronic
gadget. First developed in late 1947 by
Bell Laboratories, these tiny
semiconductor devices allow for precise
control of the amount and flow of
current through circuit boards

A replica of the first working transistor invented in 1947

by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley
at Bell Laboratories.
https://bit.ly/3jTRUta
Originally used in radios, transistors have since become an
elemental piece of the circuitry in countless electronic
devices including televisions, cell phones and computers.
The amount of transistors in integrated circuits doubles
nearly every two years—a phenomenon known as
Moore’s Law—so their remarkable impact on technology
will only continue to grow

https://www.history.com/news/11-innovations-that-changed-history
Charles Babbage, an
English polymath, is often
thought of as “the man
who invented computers”.
From 1822 until his death
in 1871, he designed 3
computers, but never
actually constructed any of
them, due to lack of
funding.
In 1822 Babbage started
working on a Difference
Engine its purpose was to
compute polynomial
functions. If completed it
would have had some
25,000 parts, weighed
13,600 kg (15 short tons)
and been 2.4 m (8 ft) tall.
Between 1847–1849 Babbage
created drawings for
the Difference Engine No. 2,
a second “computer”.
Finally, In 1991, the British
Science museum constructed
the design from Babbage’s
original plans. Amazingly, it
worked! It took 6 years to
build, weighs 4535.92kg
(five short tons), measures
2.1 m, 3.4m, 0.5m (6’11” x
11’2” x 1’8”)  and has 8,000
parts.
 As you might expect for a
technology so expansive and
ever-changing, it is impossible to
credit the invention of the internet
to a single person. The internet
 was the work of dozens of
pioneering scientists,
programmers and engineers who
each developed new features and
technologies that eventually
merged to become the
“information superhighway” we
know today.
Long before the technology existed to
actually build the internet, many
scientists had already anticipated the
existence of worldwide networks of
information. Nikola Tesla toyed
with the idea of a “world wireless
system” in the early 1900s, and
visionary thinkers like Paul Otlet
and Vannevar Bush conceived of
mechanized, searchable storage
systems of books and media in the
1930s and 1940s. 
Still, the first practical schematics
for the internet would not arrive
until the early 1960s, when
MIT’s J.C.R. Licklider
popularized the idea of an
“Intergalactic Network” of
computers. Shortly thereafter,
computer scientists developed
the concept of “packet
switching,” a method for
effectively transmitting
electronic data that would later
become one of the major
building blocks of the internet.
The first workable prototype
of the Internet came in the
late 1960s with the creation
of ARPANET, or the
Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network. Originally
funded by the U.S.
Department of Defense,
ARPANET used packet
switching to allow multiple
computers to communicate
on a single network.
On October 29, 1969, ARPAnet delivered
its first message: a “node-to-node”
communication from one computer to
another. (The first computer was
located in a research lab at UCLA and
the second was at Stanford; each one
was the size of a small house.) The
message—“LOGIN”—was short and
simple, but it crashed the fledgling
ARPA network anyway: The Stanford
computer only received the note’s first
two letters
The technology continued to
grow in the 1970s after
scientists Robert Kahn and
Vinton Cerf developed
Transmission Control
Protocol and Internet
Protocol, or TCP/IP, a
communications model that
set standards for how data
could be transmitted
between multiple networks.
 ARPANET adopted TCP/IP on January 1,
1983, and from there researchers began
to assemble the “network of networks”
that became the modern Internet. The
online world then took on a more
recognizable form in 1990, when
computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee
invented the World Wide Web. While
it’s often confused with the internet
itself, the web is actually just the most
common means of accessing data online
in the form of websites and hyperlinks. 
https://bit.ly/3DWJusY
The Information Revolution has
resulted in great innovation and
technological progression
which has made people become
more resourceful and provide
higher quality of life; however,
it’s also been used to
indoctrinate the public and
maximize profits for large
corporations.
 05
Meso American
Astronomy and Architecture
The Mayan Empire was a very
mysterious civilization of people who,
even today, puzzle the minds of the
greatest researchers. This ancient
civilization took root in the Yucatan
Peninsula as a border and a part of
Mesoamerica. The Yucatan Peninsula
is on the southwestern portion of the
Gulf of Mexico, which at that time was
part of Mesoamerica.

L. Friedman
PMID: 335422
The Mayan Civilization evolved over
many periods of time before its
eventual downfall. The Mayans began
their evolutionary process in the middle
Pre-Classic period. They evolved over
many periods after the Pre-Classic
period, such as the Lithic, Archaic,
Classic, Terminal Classic, Post-Classic,
and the Post-Conquest periods.

L. Friedman
PMID: 335422
MAYAN CIVILIZATION
Of all the world's ancient
calendar systems, the Maya
and other Mesoamerican
 systems are the most complex,
intricate and accurate.
Calculations of the congruence
of the 260-day and the 365-day
Maya cycles is almost exactly
equal to the actual solar year
in the tropics, with only a 19-
minute margin of error.
Maya astronomer-priests
looked to the heavens for
guidance. They used
observatories, shadow-
casting devices, and
observations of the horizon
to trace the complex 
motions of the sun, the stars
and planets in order to
observe, calculate and
record this information in
their chronicles, or 
"codices".
From these observations,
the Maya developed 
calendars to keep track
of celestial movements
and the passage of time.
The Maya also kept
detailed records of the 
moon, although these do
not seem to constitute a
formal lunar calendar.
With the aid of a forked stick,
astronomer-priests used only
the naked eye to take
observations that allowed them
to calculate the path of Venus
 and other celestial bodies.
From the records of their
observations they could
calculate with precision events
such as solar eclipses. https://
www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/
exhibitions/civil/maya/
In Maya cities, ceremonial
buildings were precisely
aligned with compass
directions. At the spring and
fall equinoxes, for example,
the Sun might be made to
cast its rays through small
openings in a Maya
observatory, lighting up the
observatory's interior walls
 At the vernal and
autumnal equinoxes,
the Sun gradually
illuminates the pyramid
stairs and the serpent
head at its base,
creating the image of a
snake slithering down
the sacred mountain to
Earth.
Other alignments might relate to
the exteriors of temples and
palaces. The most famous
example of this kind of
alignment can be observed at 
Chichén Itzá, the principal
Maya city of the 
Yucatán Peninsula. People still
gather there each year, as they
have for centuries, to observe
the sun illuminate the stairs of a
pyramid dedicated to
Quetzalcoatl, the Feathered
Why did the Maya go to such
lengths to align their
ceremonial plazas and temples
with the Sun and stars? In
part, it was to venerate the
gods. Pacal's tomb in the
Temple of the Inscriptions at
Palenque, for example, is
aligned with the Sun. At winter
solstice, the Sun sets behind the
high ridge beyond the temple,
in line with the centre of the
temple roof.
 As the Sun crosses the sky, it
enters a doorway in the temple,
hits the back wall and, as it
heads for the horizon beyond
the temple, appears to descend
the temple stairway into Pacal's
tomb. Pacal's death and entry
into the Underworld are thus
equated with the Sun's death
and entry into the Underworld.
https://forums.civfanatics.com/media/pacal-the-
great.3590/full
The Maya built observatories at
many of their cities , and aligned
important structures with the
movements of celestial bodies.
Some of these are temple
groupings, such as a group of
three at Uaxactún, which marks
the Sun's rising position at
summer solstice, the two
equinoxes and winter solstice.
Architecture such as the
Caracol at Chichén Itzá
was also aligned with
the appearance of
celestial bodies such as
the Pleiades and Venus.
Another temple at
Uxmal contains
hundreds of Venus
symbols.
 Astronomical metaphors and
celestial events defined 
the ritual landscape for May
a rulers
. Transfers of royal power,
for example, seem to have
been timed by the summer
solstice at certain centres.

https://bit.ly/3DWJusY
At Palenque, an inscription notes that
Pacal's son Chan-Bahlum dedicated
the Cross Temple grouping on July 23,
690 AD- timed to coincide with the
conjunction of Jupiter, Saturn, Mars
and the Moon. To the Maya, this event
may have represented the primordial
birth of the three ancestor gods of the
Palenque dynasty with the First
Mother (the Moon),that would have
been an appropriate moment to
consecrate an accession monument.
https://bit.ly/3DWJusY
 07
Middle East
Information Infrastructure and Technology
 MIDDLE EAST
•The revolution in the Middle East
were a product of the development
and growth of individual
nationalism, imperialism for the
efforts to westernize and modernize
Middle Eastern societies, and to
push the declining power of the
Ottoman Empire in the Arab
region.

https://www.coursehero.com/file/
75333927/Intellectual-revolution-in-
 •One of the most ancient
and greatest civilization
happened in Middle East.
During the dark ages of
Europe, incredible scientific
advances happened in the
Muslim world.

https://www.coursehero.com/file/
75333927/Intellectual-revolution-in-
middle-eastpptx/
Through the geniuses who took
scholarly works of ancient Egypt,
Mesopotamia and Persia in
developing “modern science”, a lot
of new disciplines emerged such as
algebra, trigonometry, and
chemistry, as well as major
advances in medicine, astronomy,
engineering and agriculture.
ACCELERATING TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
The current rapid pace of technological change is
expected to accelerate over the next 15 years. In
addition to increasing the digital divide between the
world’s richest countries and those that even today
cannot keep pace with change, rapidly changing
technology and its associated industries will place a
premium on education and training. Education and
training are already front-burner issues for every
government in the region. According to Antón et al.
(2000),
 The Best countries are Iran, Saudi
Arabia, Tunisia, and the UAE, each
of which has tried to develop a
tightly controlled domestic Internet
network that will enable them to
reap benefits in commerce,
academia, and government while
keeping a close watch of and
maintaining strict limits on what
can and cannot be done and what
kinds of information are available.

https://bit.ly/3l6p1ch
 As to ICT, “The region is
trying to bridge the digital
divide, but it will be a very
gradual process,” says Arab
League Secretary-General Amr
Moussa (LaMotte, 2002). And
bridging that divide will
require an enormous
commitment on the part of
governments, donors, and the
private sector.
https://bit.ly/3l6p1ch
ICT as a Tool for Women’s
Economic Empowerment
Because the success of ICT-based
economies rests heavily on the
participation of the entire population,
developing such economies to be open
to women as well as to men not only
provides new opportunities for women
but also serves Arab countries in
general.

https://bit.ly/3l6p1ch
 The introduction of new
technology into the Arab
world provides the perfect
vehicle for women to boost
their social status in the
community and raise their
self-esteem by making a
much-needed contribution to
the workforce.
 Although Internet penetration
is exceedingly low in the
Middle East, many Web sites
are available in Arabic as well
as in English to women in the
Arab world. Some are even
specifically designed for
women, such as
www.arabwomenconnect.org,
which is sponsored by the
United Nations Development
Fund for Women.
https://bit.ly/3l6p1ch
 IT IS NOT JUST ABOUT THE
INTERNET
In some cases, Internet use may
prove too expensive or too
difficult for local people to
maintain, and thus be
unsustainable. And in others, the
Internet is simply not the best
medium for supporting local
socioeconomic and political
progress (Alcántara, 2001).

https://bit.ly/3l6p1ch
 Furthermore, the Internet is
seen as a powerful tool for
raising gender awareness. In
1998, SIGI established a pilot
training and technology-based
node in Amman in which
facilities are available to
representatives of Non-
Governmental Organizations
(NGOs) working on issues
pertaining to women.

https://bit.ly/3l6p1ch
 08
African
Discovery of Astronomy
 Africa has the world's oldest record of human
technological achievement: the oldest stone tools in
the world have been found in eastern Africa, and
later evidence for tool production by our hominin
ancestors has been found across Sub-Saharan Africa.
The history of science and technology in Africa since
then has, however, received relatively little attention
compared to other regions of the world, despite
notable African developments in mathematics,
metallurgy, architecture, and other fields.
 Science and
Technology in
North Africa:
Nigeria
Africa has been widely recognized as
the poorest continent (World Bank,
1989, 2001, 2006; Mabogunje, 2004;
Bigsten and Durevall, 2008; Ogbuji,
2009; Olaopa and Uzodike, 2009;
Assefa, 2010).
 The continent faces overwhelming
challenges that hamper its
development. These include
inadequate infrastructure, poor
access to basic services, widening
inequality, rising unemployment,
conflicts, among others (MDGASG,
2008 cited in Assefa, 2010).
 The continent lacks the basic
infrastructure to develop new
technologies. Worse still, it lacks clear
policy and capacity to adapt, absorb
and diffuse imported technologies for
her technological advancement
(UNCTAD, 2007).
 The role of science and technology (S&T) as
an engine of development has been globally
recognized (NEPAD OST, 2006; Chataway et
al., 2009; NACETEM, 2010). Ilori (2002)
posits that the application of S&T increases the
efficiency of production systems and enhances
industrial competitiveness. In fact, what gives
a nation competitive edge is the speed it can
identify, utilize and diffuse new knowledge
(Prusak, 1996).
Cynthia Hewitt de Alcántara (2001)
addresses the differences among
Third World countries in their
capacity to use information
technologies for development:The
ICT revolution is lending old
technologies new relevance. In many
parts of the world, mobile telephones
are transforming people’s quality of
life. New digital radio stations are
reaching a wide public in an
interactive way through call-in
programs.

https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/
monograph_reports/2005/MR1653.pdf
 Astronomy
Several ancient African cultures birthed discoveries
in astronomy. Many of these are foundations on
which we still rely, and some were so advanced that
their mode of discovery still cannot be understood.
Egyptians charted the movement of the sun and
constellations and the cycles of the moon. They
divided the year into 12 parts and developed a
yearlong calendar system containing 365 ¼ days .
Clocks were made with moving water and sundial-
like clocks were used.
https://www.asbmb.org/asbmb-today/science/
020113/great-achievements-in-stem-in-ancient-
africa
 A structure known as the
African Stonehenge in
present-day Kenya
(constructed around 300 B.C.)
was a remarkably accurate
calendar . The Dogon people
of Mali amazed a wealth of
detailed astronomical
observations.
 The Dogon knew of Saturn’s rings, Jupiter’s
moons, the spiral structure of the Milky Way and
the orbit of the Sirius star system. Hundreds of
years ago, they plotted orbits in this system
accurately through the year 1990 (6). They knew
this system contained a primary star and a
secondary star (now called Sirius B) of immense
density and not visible to the naked eye.
 The Oldest known stone circle:: Nabta Playa

The stone circle of Nabta Playa marks the summer solstice, a time that coincided
with the arrival of monsoon rains in the Sahara Desert thousands of years ago

https://astronomy.com/sitefiles/resources/image.aspx?
item={EAEEA0A9-BB24-467B-A745-6D00DFD42118}
 For thousands of years, ancient societies all
around the world erected massive stone circles,
aligning them with the Sun and stars to mark the
seasons. These early calendars foretold the
coming of spring, summer, fall, and winter,
helping civilizations track when to plant and
harvest crops. They also served as ceremonial
sites, both for celebration and sacrifice.

https://astronomy.com/news/2020/06/nabta-playa-the-worlds-first-
astronomical-site-was-built-in-africa-and-is-older-than-stonehenge
 These megaliths — large, prehistoric monuments
made of stone — may seem mysterious in our
modern era, when many people lack a connection
with, or even view of, the stars. Some even hold
them up as supernatural, or divined by aliens. But
many ancient societies kept time by tracking
which constellations rose at sunset, like reading a
giant, celestial clock. And others pinpointed the
Sun’s location in the sky on the summer and
winter solstice, the longest and shortest days of
the year, or the spring and fall equinox

https://astronomy.com/news/2020/06/nabta-playa-the-worlds-first-
astronomical-site-was-built-in-africa-and-is-older-than-stonehenge
 Located in Africa, Nabta Playa stands
some 700 miles south of the Great
Pyramid of Giza in Egypt. It was built
more than 7,000 years ago, making Nabta
Playa the oldest stone circle in the world
— and possibly Earth’s oldest
astronomical observatory. It was
constructed by a cattle worshiping cult of
nomadic people to mark the summer
solstice and the arrival of the monsoons.
 On The
Shoulders of
the giants
 What Sets Us Apart

Mercury Neptune Mars

Despite being red, Mars Neptune is the fourth- Jupiter is a gas giant
is actually a cold place largest planet in the and the biggest planet
full of iron oxide dust Solar System in the Solar System
 The Curriculum
Content 1

60
Initial
Content 2

%
Content 3

Content 4

40
Advanced Content 5

Content 6

%
 Academic Areas

Mars Venus Mercury

Mars is actually a Venus is the second It’s the closest
cold place planet from the Sun planet to the Sun

Jupiter Saturn Neptune

It’s the biggest Saturn is a gas giant It’s the farthest
planet of them all and has rings planet from the Sun
 Our Mission and Vision

Mission Vision
Mercury is the Venus has a
closest planet to the beautiful name and
Sun and the is the second planet
smallest one in the from the Sun. It’s
Solar System terribly hot
 Our Values

Loyalty Efficiency
Mercury is a bit larger Despite being red, Mars
than the Moon is actually a cold place

Reliability Commitment
Venus is the second Neptune the farthest
planet from the Sun planet from the Sun
 Our Success

800 900
K
Despite being
red, Mars is
actually a cold
planet
KSaturn is
composed of
hydrogen and
helium
 Statistics

54% Saturn stats

78% Neptune stats

To modify this graph, click on it, follow the

link, change the data and paste it here
A Picture
Is Worth
a
Thousan
d Words
4,000,300
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
Students Around the World

This is a map where

you can mark the size
of your audience

Jupiter is the biggest

planet in the Solar
System and the
fourth-brightest
object in the night sky
 Our Teachers

John James Jenna Doe Jane Patt

You can talk about You can talk about You can talk about
the actions here the actions here the actions here
 Saturn Mars
It has several rings It’s a cold place

Jupiter Our Neptune

It’s the biggest one
Goals It’s the farthest one

Venus Pluto
It’s quite hot It’s a dwarf planet
 Student Process

1st Term 2nd Term 3rd Term 4th Term

Mercury is the Jupiter is the Despite being red, Saturn is a gas giant
smallest planet biggest planet Mars is a cold place and has rings
 Enrollment Process

1st Process You could state one of your

enrollment processes here

2nd Process
You could state one of your
enrollment processes here

3rd Process You could state one of your

enrollment processes here

4th Process You could state one of your

enrollment processes here
Special Reminders

● Saturn is composed of
hydrogen and helium
● Jupiter is the biggest
planet of them all
● Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place
● Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
 Thanks
!
Do you have any questions?
youremail@freepik.com
+91 620 421 838
yourcompany.com

CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo,

including icons by Flaticon, infographics & images by Freepik
and illustrations by Stories
Please keep this slide for attribution.
Alternative Resources
 Resources
Did you like the resources on this template? Get them for free at our other websites.

Photos:
● Side view of female scientist holding lab glass
ware with substance
● Young female chemist and chemistry tubes
● Top view skeleton
Front view of female scientist with microscope
● Front view scientist looking through a microsc
ope
Vectors:
● Vintage science education background
● Vintage science education wallpaper
● Hand drawn different viruses collection
● Vintage science education background
● Hand-drawn marketing background with yello
w details
● Marketing background with hand-drawn icons
 Instructions for use
In order to use this template, you must credit Slidesgo by keeping the Thanks slide.

You are allowed to:

- Modify this template.
- Use it for both personal and commercial projects.

You are not allowed to:

- Sublicense, sell or rent any of Slidesgo Content (or a modified version of Slidesgo Content).
- Distribute Slidesgo Content unless it has been expressly authorized by Slidesgo.
- Include Slidesgo Content in an online or offline database or file.
- Offer Slidesgo templates (or modified versions of Slidesgo templates) for download.
- Acquire the copyright of Slidesgo Content.

For more information about editing slides, please read our FAQs or visit Slidesgo School:
https://slidesgo.com/faqs and https://slidesgo.com/slidesgo-school
 Fonts & colors used
This presentation has been made using the following fonts:

Indie Flower
(https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Indie+Flower)

Roboto Normal
(https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Roboto)

#d8eef9 #9bd3d4 #79c8cf #5bc0c7 #fff8cd #fbd98c #f49432 #555555

 Stories by Freepik
Create your Story with our illustrated concepts. Choose the style you like the most, edit its colors, pick
the background and layers you want to show and bring them to life with the animator panel! It will boost
your presentation. Check out How it Works.

Pana Amico Bro Rafiki

 Use our editable graphic resources...
You can easily resize these resources without losing quality. To change the color, just ungroup the resource
and click on the object you want to change. Then, click on the paint bucket and select the color you want.
Group the resource again when you’re done.
 JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE

PHASE 1

Task 1

Task 2

PHASE 2

Task 1

Task 2

JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL

PHASE
1

Task 1

Task 2
 ...and our sets of editable icons
You can resize these icons without losing quality.
You can change the stroke and fill color; just select the icon and click on the paint bucket/pen.
In Google Slides, you can also use Flaticon’s extension, allowing you to customize and add even more icons.
Educational Icons Medical Icons
Business Icons Teamwork Icons
Help & Support Icons Avatar Icons
Creative Process Icons Performing Arts Icons
Nature Icons
SEO & Marketing Icons