James Webb

Space Telescope
Introduction
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), is
designed as the successor to the Hubble
Space Telescope (HST) and launched by
an Ariane 5 rocket from Kourou, French
Guiana, on December 25, 2021. The JWST
has a mirror 6.5 metres (21.3 feet) in
diameter, seven times larger than that of
the HST, and will orbit the Sun in
a lissajous pattern around the
second Lagrangian point, about 1.5 million
km (930,000 miles) from Earth on
the planet’s nightside.
A new set of eyes
Human beings can only see a small portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum. To explore seemingly
hidden regions of space, we need to see beyond what
our eyes can.

James Webb provides us with a new set of eyes, as it

can see objects in the near-IR and far-IR regions.
Utilizing the extraordinary penetrating abilities of IR
rays, the James Webb can capture high-quality
images of celestial objects hidden beneath the
intergalactic clouds and can also detect the faintest
signals from the first-born stars and galaxies of our
universe.
 Thanks Hubble, We’ll take it from here
James Webb will observe primarily in the infrared, with some capabilities
in the visible range and will have four science instruments to capture
images and spectra of astronomical objects. These instruments will
provide wavelength coverage from 0.6 to 28 micrometers.

As a comparison, Hubble can observe a small portion of the infrared

spectrum from 0.8 to 2.5 microns, but its primary capabilities are in the
ultra-violet and visible parts of the spectrum from 0.1 to 0.8 microns.
Stars and planets that are just forming lie hidden behind cocoons of dust
that absorb visible light. (The same is true for the very center of our
galaxy.) However, infrared light emitted by these regions can penetrate
this dusty shroud and reveal what is inside.

At left are infrared and visible light images from the Hubble Space
Telescope of the Monkey Head Nebula, a star-forming region. A jet of
material from a newly forming star is visible in one of the pillars, just
above and left of center in the right-hand image. Several galaxies are seen
in the infrared view, much more distant than the columns of dust and gas.
 But what is Redshift?
We have all heard the sound of an ambulance siren
as it passes-by. The high-pitch as it approaches is
replaced by a low-pitch as it passes by. This is an
example of the Doppler Shift, and it is exhibited by
light alike.

For very distant galaxies, the effects of curved space-

time and the receding motion of the galaxy causes
the wavelengths of light to be increasingly red-shifted
as the distance to Earth increases. We denote the
extent of redshift using a factor ‘z’, which is the ratio
of change in wavelength to the original wavelength.

JWST can measure up to z=20

 Mirrors of Gold
The gold-coated beryllium mirrors are the most striking part of
the telescope. It has 18 hexagonal mirrors with a diameter of
6.5m. This unique and expensive choice of materials was for a
particular reason. Beryllium was chosen because it is
incredibly light, lighter than glass. It also performs pretty well
in the low temperature of the telescope without shrinking
much.

Gold coating is used as gold is an excellent reflector of IR rays

and being an inert metal, it won’t tarnish as well. The coating
of gold on the mirror is very thin, a mere 0.1 in thickness. The
entire coating of gold just weighs 48.2 grams of gold which
covers an area of about 25 square meters which is about 5.5
times larger than the Hubble telescope. 
Here’s a video of JWST’s deployment
sequence
 Keeping it cool
The James Webb Space Telescope will observe primarily the infrared light from
faint and very distant objects. In order to be able to detect those faint heat
signals, the telescope itself must be kept extremely cold. To protect the
telescope from external sources of light and heat (like the Sun, Earth, and Moon)
as well as from heat emitted by the observatory itself, Webb has a 5-layer, tennis
court-sized sunshield that acts like a parasol providing shade.
 Keeping it cool

The sunshield will allow the telescope to cool down to a temperature below 50 Kelvin
(-370°F, or -223°C) by passively radiating its heat into space. The near-infrared
instruments (NIRCam, NIRSpec, FGS/NIRISS) will work at about 39 K (-389°F, -234°C)
through a passive cooling system. The mid-infrared instrument (MIRI) will work at a
temperature of 7 K (-447°F, -266°C), using a helium refrigerator, or cryocooler system.
Why five layers?
Why does the sunshield have five layers instead of just a single thick
one?

Each successive layer of the sunshield is cooler than the one below.
The heat radiates out from between the layers, and the vacuum
between the layers is a very good insulator. One big thick sunshield
would conduct the heat from the bottom to the top more than five
layers separated by vacuum.

The sunshield is made of a lightweight material with special thermal

properties, called Kapton, which is coated with aluminum to make it
reflective. The hot side also has a silicon coating, as silicon has high
reflectance values.

Doping with Si also makes the sunshield electrically conducting so

that the rest of JWST membranes can be grounded to it.
 The Amazing Cryocooler
Being an exquisitely sensitive infrared astronomical observatory,
the James Webb Space Telescope's optics and scientific
instruments need to be cold to suppress infrared background
"noise." Typically, the longer the wavelength of infrared light, the
colder the detector needs to be to do this conversion while also
limiting the generation of random "noise" electrons.

James Webb implements both passive and active cooling to

achieve the required temperatures using a highly sophisticated
cryocooler and a novel cooling technique known as thermo-
acoustics.
Whoa!
Overwhelmed yet? But wait, there’s more! We
haven’t even told you about the JWST’s
advanced adaptive optics!
 Advanced Adaptive Optics

Adaptive optics (AO) is a technology used to improve

the performance of optical systems by reducing the
effect of incoming wavefront distortions by deforming
a mirror in order to compensate for the distortion.
JWST uses AO to remove distortions called by
galactic clouds and celestial bodies on the incoming
light from faraway galaxies and exoplanets.

The individual mirror segments are provided with

actuators that can move each mirror precisely in the
order of nanometers to achieve this effect. It also
allows for focal length correction to produce a crisp
and clear image.
Finally, We reach the second
Lagrange point!
 Three body, any problem?

L2 point The JWST will be

sent to the L2 point
Lagrange points are because at L2 it
positions in space would be least
where objects sent affected by the
there tend to stay radiation of the sun
put. At Lagrange and also would
points, the consume extremely
gravitational pull of less fuel, along with
two large masses being
precisely equals the geosynchronous
centripetal force and
required for a small heliocentric. There
object to move with are in total 5
them.  Lagrange points.

The Sun-Earth L2 point lies 1.5 million kilometers from Earth.

 How far will the Webb see?
Since it takes time for light to travel, the farther we
look into space, the deeper we look back in time.

Present

13.6 billion
JWST being an IR telescope can look back up to 13.6
billion years back in time, revealing some of the baby years ago
galaxies, stars and cloud formations!
 Sometimes, reviewing concepts is a good idea
Thanks!
Mercury
Do you have any questions? Mars Venus
Mercury is
Presenters: the Sidhaarth,
Harish Despite being red, Venus has a
smallest
Swapnil planet Parth Shah
Mohanty, Mars is cold beautiful name

@k12_aiche.nitrkl

Saturn Jupiter Neptune

Yes, Saturn is the Jupiter is the Neptune is the
ringed one biggest planet farthest planet