CHAPTER 5

OPTIMIZATION WITH
PROCESS INTEGRATION
 OUT LINE
• INTRODUCTION
• ENERGY TARGET
• STREAM SPLITTING
• REDUCING NUMBER OF EXCHANGER
• CAPITAL AND TOTAL COST TARGET
• HEAT AND POWER INTEGRATION
 INTRODUCTION
Energy conservation is important in process design. In any process flow sheet,
there are several streams that need to be heated and there are some that need to
be cooled. In industrial experience, the calculation of the minimum heating and
cooling requirements reveal significant energy saving. Therefore, energy integration
design procedure is a very beneficial tool and is an important phase in determining
the cost of preliminary design.
There are two laws for heat integration analysis:
The first law (energy conservation law) states that the difference between the
heat available in the hot streams and the heat required for the cold streams is the
net amount of heat that must be removed or supplied. The first law does not
consider the fact that heat can only be transferred from a hot stream to a cold
stream if the temperature of the hot stream surpasses that of the cold stream.
The second law (heat transport law) states that a positive temperature driving
force must exist between the hot and the cold streams
For any heat-exchanger networks, the second law must be satisfied as well as the
first law
 ENERGY TARGET
Heat exchanger network analysis is started by identifying heat sources (hot
streams) and heat sink (cold streams) from mass and energy balance
calculation. Let we consider several cases.
CASE-1:
Given the following process streams:
Stream Type Supply temperature Target Temperature CP ΔH
C
0 0
C MW/0C MW
1 Cold 30 100 0.2 14
2 Hot 150 30 0.1 -12
CP is heat capacity flow rate ( CP = F Cp) and ΔH is heat load of a stream.
The positive value of ΔH indicates that the stream requires heat (heat sink)
The negative value of ΔH indicates that the stream evolves heat (heat source)
Design heat exchanger network for minimum temperature difference of 100 C.
 ENERGY TARGET
SOLUTION

From the stream data, we plot T-H diagram for cold and hot stream as shown:

QREC=11 MW QH,MIN=3 MW
T

150
1500C
3 MW
30
11 MW
100
40 100

1 MW
40
∆H=14 MW
30 30

QC,MIN=1 MW
∆H=12 MW H
 ENERGY TARGET
CASE 2
Consider the following process stream data:

Stream Type Supply temperature Target Temperature CP ΔH

0C 0C MW/0C MW
1 Cold 20 180 0.2 32
2 Hot 250 40 0.15 -31.5
3 Cold 140 230 0.3 27
4 Hot 200 80 0.25 -30

Design heat exchanger network system for minimum temperature difference of 100 C.

SOLUTION

In this case we combine T-H diagram for all cold streams in one curve called: Cold
stream composite curve, and also we combine T-H diagram for all hot streams in one
stream called: Hot Stream Composite Diagram
 ENERGY TARGET
CP=0.15 CP=0.25
Preparation of Hot Stream Composite Curve
250
T ∆H ( MW ) H (MW)
200
40 0 0
80 0.15 (80-40)= 6 6
200 (0.15+0.25)(200-80)=48 54

80
250 0.15 (250-200) = 7.5 61.5

Preparation of Cold Stream Composite Curve

40

230 T ∆H ( MW ) H (MW)
20 0 0
180
140
140 0.2 (140-20)= 24 24
CP=0.3 180 (0.2+0.3)(180-140)=20 44
230 0.3 (230-180) = 15 59
20
CP=0.2
 ENERGY TARGET
QREC QHMIN

250 

(54,200)
200  QCMIN=10 MW
T  

150 QHMIN=7.5 MW
 

100 (6,80) QREC=51.5 MW


Suhu Pinch = 1450C
50



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 H

QCMIN
 ENERGY TARGET
Heat Recovery Pinch

In energy equilibrium QHMIN

T
Pinch

Heat Sink

Heat Source

H
QCMIN

Heuristic: 1. No heat transfer across the pinch

2. No cooling above the pinch
3. No heating below the pinch
 ENERGY TARGET
Problem Table Algorithm
Problem table algorithm is a simple algorithm for energy integration applicable for
computer program development

STEP:
1. Develop Shifted temperature interval from stream data by substracting Tmin/2
from hot stream temperature and adding Tmin/2 on cold stream temperature
2. Calculate a simple energy balance ΔHi in each shifted temperature interval from:

 
H i    CPC   CPH  Ti
 all cold stream all hot stream 

Where Hi is the heat balance for shifted temperature interval i and Ti is the
temperature difference across it. If H is positive, then the interval has a net deficit of
heat. If H is negative, then the interval has a net surplus of heat.
3. Construct cascade diagram by cascading any surplus heat down the temperature scale
from interval to interval.
4. Construct grid diagram by matching between cold and hot stream using the following
heuristic for initial (pinch) match: Above the pinch: CP H < CPC
Below the pinch: CPH > CPC
 ENERGY TARGET

EXAMPLE:

Construct heat exchanger network based on energy target from the following
stream data for TMIN= 100C

Stream Type Supply temperature Target Temperature CP ΔH

0C 0C MW/0C MW
1 Cold 20 180 0.2 32
2 Hot 250 40 0.15 -31.5
3 Cold 140 230 0.3 27
4 Hot 200 80 0.25 -30
 ENERGY TARGET
SOLUTION:

STEP 1: Construct shifted temperature interval

245

235

195

185

145

75

35

25
 ENERGY TARGET
STEP 2: Estimate Energy balance in each interval

Stream T ∑CPC - ∑CPH HI Surplus /

Tempera Population Interval Dificit
ture
Interval
2
245 ----------------------------- ---------- ------- ------ -----------------
4 10 -0.15 -1.5 Surplus
235 ---------------------------- ---------- ------- ------- -----------------
40 0.15 6 Deficit
195 ---------------------------- ---------- -------- ------- -----------------
10 -0.1 -1.0 Surplus
185 ---------------------------- ---------- -------- ------- -----------------
145 40 0.1 4.0 Deficit
--------------------------- ---------- -------- ------- -----------------
3
75 70 -0.2 -14.0 Surplus
---------------------------
---------- -------- ------- -----------------
35 --------------------------- 40 0.05 2.0 Deficit
---------- ------- ------- -----------------
25 --------------------------- 10 0.2 2.0 Deficit
1 ---------- -------- ------- -----------------

CP= 0.2 0.15 0.3 0.25

 ENERGY TARGET
STEP 3: Construct Cascade Diagram

HOT UTILITY + 7.5 MW

245 0 MW 7.5 MW
∆H=-1.5
235 1.5 MW 9 MW
∆H= 6
195 -4.5 MW 3 MW
∆H= -1
185 -3.5 MW 4 MW
∆H= 4
-7.5 MW 0 MW
145
∆H = -14
75 6.5 MW 14 MW
∆H = 2
35 4.5 MW 12 MW
∆H = 2
25 2.5 MW 10 MW

COLD UTILITY
 ENERGY TARGET
Pinch Match
STEP 4: CONSTRUCT GRID DIAGRAM
Stream ∆H (Above the pinch) ∆H (Below the pinch)
2 -15 -16.5
4 -12.5 -17.5
1 8 24
3 27 0

CP 10 MW
250 8 MW 150
0.15 2 40

200 150
0.25 4 80
140
0.2 180 1
17.5 MW 6.5 MW
140 20
0.3 230 3
7 MW 12.5 MW
7.5 MW
 ENERGY TARGET
Pinch Match
STEP 4: CONSTRUCT GRID DIAGRAM
Stream ∆H (Above the pinch) ∆H (Below the pinch)
2 -15 -16.5
4 -12.5 -17.5
1 8 24
3 27 0
8 MW
CP 10 MW
250 150
0.15 2 40

200 150
0.25 4 80
140
0.2 180 1
17.5 MW 6.5 MW
140 20
0.3 230 3
7 MW 12.5 MW
7.5 MW
 ENERGY TARGET
HEAT EXCHANGER NETWORK

1
7.5 MW

7 MW 8 MW 6.5 MW

10 MW

12.5 MW 17.5 MW

3
 ENERGY TARGET
STREAM SPILTTING

The pinch design method developed earlier followed several rules and guidelines
to allow design for minimum utility (or maximum energy recovery). Occasionally, it
appears not to be possible to create the appropriate matches because one or
other of the design criteria cannot be satisfied. Consider the following cases of the
above-pinch part of a design.
130+a
Case 1:
ΔT=10-a
CP 140
1 140 Stream Splitting
3 140
5 130
130+a
Problem: ΔT< ΔTMIN

Cause: NH > NC
 ENERGY TARGET
STREAM SPILTTING

CASE 2:
CP
CP
4
Stream Splitting 1.5
2
2.5
3
2
No match
3
Cause: CPH>CPC
 ENERGY TARGET
STREAM SPILTTING

Algorithm

Above the pinch Below the pinch

Stream data at the pinch Stream data at the pinch

no no
NH≤ NC NH ≥ N C

yes yes
Split a cold Split a hot
stream stream

no Split a stream no Split a stream

CPH≤ CPC CPH ≥ CPC
(usually hot) (usually cold)
yes yes
Place pinch match Place pinch match
 ENERGY TARGET
MINIMUM NUMBER OF EXCHANGER

Source Hot utility, 70 Stream 1, 130 Stream 2, 400

70 110 20 340 60

Sink Stream 3, 180 Stream 4, 360 Cold utility, 60

Number of Exchangers = Number of Streams + Number of Utilities - 1

NE = NS + NU - 1
 ENERGY TARGET
LOOP AND PATH

Loop and Paths provide ways of shifting heat loads through a network.

Loop
A loop is a set of connection that can be traced through a network that starts
from one exchanger and returns to the same exchanger. The existence of a loop
implies that is an extra exchanger in the network. That is, if we break the loop,
we can remove an exchanger.

1 2 1 2 3 4 NE = NS + NU + NL- 1

3 4

Hot
Utility 1 H H

2 3
 ENERGY TARGET
LOOP AND PATH

Breaking Loops

Three design heuristics to break loops:

1. First, break the loop that includes the exchanger with the smallest
possible heat load.
2. Always remove the smallest heat load from a loop.
3. If we break a loop that crosses the pinch, normally we violate the
minimum approach temperature in the revised network.
Of course, if we violate the minimum approach temperature, we must find
some way of restoring it. We use the concept of paths for this purpose.
 ENERGY TARGET
LOOP AND PATH

Paths:
A path is a connection between a heater and a cooler in a network. We can shift
heat loads along a path.

H H + QE

Q
Q-QE

C C+QE

We merely add an excess amount of heat to the hot utility and subtract it from
another exchanger on the same stream (so that the total heat load for the stream is
unchanged). Of course, we also reduce the heat load on the other stream that passes
through this exchanger. Thus, we must add heat to this stream in either another
exchanger or a cooler
 ENERGY TARGET
REDUCING NUMBER OF EXCHANGER

General Rules:

1. The number of exchangers required for the overall process is always less
than or equal to that for the minimum energy network.
2. If the design procedure for the minimum energy network is used, there
will normally be loops across the pinch.
3. We can break these loops by transferring heat across the pinch, but we
will introduce at least one violation of the specified TMIN
4. We can restore TMIN by shifting heat along a path, which increases the
energy consumption of the process.
Hence, we have a procedure for reducing the number of heat exchangers (which
we expect will reduce the capital cost) at the expense of consuming more energy
(which will increase the operating costs). Obviously, we want to find the heat-
exchanger network (as a function of the process flows) which has the smallest
total annual cost.
 ENERGY TARGET
REDUCING NUMBER OF EXCHANGER

EXAMPLE

Given the following grid diagram for heat exchanger network:

Stream 1 2 3 4
CP 1000 4000 3000 6000
How many
Q=50 loops cross
H=70 the pinch?
Q=240
Break all the
Q=60 loops that
PINCH
cross the
140 130 pinch, and
restore TMIN
C=20
Q=120
C=40
 ENERGY TARGET
SOLUTION

There are two independent loops cross the pinch:

Q=50
H=70
First and second
2 Q=240 loop are not
independent. So,
1 Q=60 3 they are
considered as one
PINCH
140 130 independent loop

C=20
Q=120
C=40
 ENERGY TARGET
SOLUTION

Break the first loop (loop containing Cooler C=20, the lowest heat load).
The corresponding dependent second loop is also broken.

Q=50+20 Q=50
H=70

Q=240
Q=240-20
Q=60 3
PINCH
140 130
C=20
Q=120
C=20-20 C=40
C=40+20
 ENERGY TARGET
Restoring TMIN
We restore the minimum approach temperature at this point in the network
by shifting heat along a path. Since the outlet temperature of stream 1 is
1200F, we want the new inlet temperature of stream 3 to be 1100F. Then we
calculate the amount of heat that must shift along the path to obtain this
intermediate temperature.
(120-QE)x103=3000(110-90)→ QE=60 x 103

Q=70-QE
Q=70
H=70 H=70+QE

Q=220
This exchanger
violate ∆TMIN
Q=60 3 criteria
60+QE
PINCH
130

120 Q=120-QE
Q=120
C=60 C=60+QE 130
120
 ENERGY TARGET
Second alternative design. Number of exchanger = 6

Q=10

H=130

Q=220

Q=120 3
PINCH
140 130
110
Q=60
120
C=120
 ENERGY TARGET
Breaking the second independent loop (third loop)

QE= 10x103

Q=10
Q=10-QE
H=130
Q=220
Q=220+QE
Q=120 3
Q=120+QE
PINCH
140 130
Q=60-QE
Q=60
120
C=120
 ENERGY TARGET
Third alternative design. Number of exchanger = 5

H=130

Q=230

Q=130
PINCH
130
110
Q=50
120
C=120
 CAPITAL AND TOTAL COST TARGET

Cost of an exchanger network consists of Capital cost and Utility Cost. Capital
Cost is affected by Number of Exchanger and Heat transfer Area of the Network.

Number of Exchanger:

Determining number of heat exchanger for a heat exchanger network based on

energy target using Pinch techniques is carried out by determining number of HE
above the pinch and below the pinch.

NE = (NS + NU – 1)ABOVE THE PINCH + (NS + NU – 1)BELOW THE PINCH

Number of H.E of a heat exchanger network based on energy target is always

greater than the minimum H.E number. For instance, in the previous example, the
number of exchanger is 7 while the minimum number of exchanger is 5.
 CAPITAL AND TOTAL COST TARGET
ESTIMATING AREA

Heat transfer area required for a heat exchanger network can be estimated by
constructing Balanced Composit Curve. To calculate the network area from the
balanced composite curve, utility streams must be included with the process
streams in the composite curve.The Balanced Composit Curves are divided into
vertical enthalpy intervals.

Qk
Qk Ak 
U * TLM k

H
 CAPITAL AND TOTAL COST TARGET
ESTIMATING AREA

Network Heat Transfer Area

If U is constant:

1 H k
Anetwork 
U
k T
LM , k
U = Overall heat transfer coefficient
If U is not constant:

1  Hot qi Cold q j 
Anetwork     
k TLM , k
 i h j hj

 i 

qi = heat load of hot stream i in the enthalpy interval k

qj = heat load of cold stream j in the enthalpy interval k
CAPITAL AND TOTAL COST TARGET
ESTIMATING AREA

EXAMPLE

Given the following process stream and utility data for a chemical
process industry. Estimate the total heat transfer area for heat transfer
network based on energy target (TMIN=100C)

No Stream Supply Target ∆H CP h

temperature temperature MW (MW0C-1) MW m-2

1 1 20 180 32 0.2 0.0006

2 2 250 40 -31.5 0.15 0.001
3 3 140 230 27 0.3 0.0008
4 4 200 80 -30 0.25 0.0008
5 Steam 240 239 -7.5 7.5 0.0030
6 Cooling Water 20 30 10 1.0 0.0010
CAPITAL AND TOTAL COST TARGET
ESTIMATING AREA

Table for constructing balanced composite curve of hot stream

250
T H H 240
40 0 0
80 0.15(80-40)=6 6 239
200
200 (0.15+0.25)(200-80)=48 54
239 0.15(239-200)=5.85 59.85
240 (0.15+7.5)(240-239)=7.65 67.5
250 0.15(250-240)=1.5 69
80

40

CP=0.15 CP=0.25 CP=7.5

 CAPITAL AND TOTAL COST TARGET
ESTIMATING AREA

Table for constructing balanced composite curve of cold stream

230

T H H
20 0 0 180
30 (0.2+1)(30-20)=12 12
140 0.2(140-30)=22 34
180 (0.2+0.3)(180-140)=20 54
230 0.3(230-180)=15 69

140
30

20 20

CP=0.2 CP=0.3 CP=1

CAPITAL AND TOTAL COST TARGET
ESTIMATING AREA

BALANCED COMPOSITE CURVE

T
H=12
250 (54,200)

200

150
(6,80)
100
5 4 3 2 1
6
50 7
H
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
 CAPITAL AND TOTAL COST TARGET
ESTIMATING AREA
Temperature of hot stream

250 240 239 200 150 95 80 40

CP=7.5
h=0.003

CP=0.15 h=0.001

CP=0.25 h=0.0008

CP=0.2 h=0.0006

CP=0.3 h=0.0008
CP=1
h=0.001

230 225 199.5 180 140 30 25 20

Temperature of cold stream

 CAPITAL AND TOTAL COST TARGET
ESTIMATING AREA

C qj H
q Ak, m2
Int.Enth.
TLM ,k h
j
i hi
j i
K
1 17.38 1875 1500 194.2
2 25.3 9562.5 2650 482.7
3 28.65 7312.5 5850 459.4
4 14.43 28333.3 23125 3566.1
5 29.38 36666.7 25437.5 2113.8
6 59.86 6666.7 6937.5 227.3
7 34.6 6666.7 6000 366.1
Total 7409.6
 CAPITAL AND TOTAL COST TARGET
CAPITAL COST ESTIMATION

Installed capital cost of a H.E. : a  b Ac

  A 
c

Network Capital Cost: 
N a  b Network
 
  N  


Network Area ( different material for each stream):

1  H qi C qj 
Anetwork    
k TLM , k
 i h j  jhj

 i i 
1 c  1
1  2 
b  A
c1
  c1

 b  c
(For c1 = c2)
Cost weighting factor:    1   network     1 
 b2   N   b2 

i Cost Weighting factor for hot stream

j Cost Weighting factor for cold stream

 CAPITAL AND TOTAL COST TARGET
TOTAL COST ESTIMATION

Total Cost = Annualized Capital Cost + Utility Cost

 ii  1n 
Annualized Capital Cost = (Capital Cost)  
 1  i n  1 
 

i = fractional interest rate per year

n = number of year the capital cost to be paid back
 CAPITAL AND TOTAL COST TARGET
EXAMPLE

For the process in the previous example, determine the total cost of the
heat exchanger network based on energy target. Given the following data:
Heat exchanger capital cost= (40000 + 500 A)$
Steam cost = 120000 ($. MW-1y-1)
Cooling Water cost = 10000 ($. MW-1y-1)
The capital cost is to be paid back over five years at 10% interest.
SOLUTION
  7410  
7 40000  500  
From the previous example:   7 
Network heating surface area, A = 7410 m2
Number of HE, N = 7
 i1  i n 
 
Annualized HE capital cost =[ 40000 + 500A]  1  i n  1 
 

 0.21  0.2 5 
= [ 40000 + 500A]  
 = 10550 + 131.9 A
 1  0.2   1 
5
 CAPITAL AND TOTAL COST TARGET
TOTAL COST ESTIMATION

 131.9 Anetwork 
Annualized Network Capital Cost = N 10552  N

 
 131.9 x7410 
 710552  
 7 

= 1.051 x 106 $/ year

Annual Hot Utility Cost = 7.5 x 120.000

= 0.9 x 106 $ / year
Annual Cold Utility Cost = 10 x 10.000 $ / year
= 0.1 x 106 $ / year
Annual Total Cost = ( 0.9 + 0.1 + 1.051 ) x 106
= 2.051 x 106 $ / year
================
 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER
INTEGRATION
The heat rejected by a heat engine is used as hot utility
QH,min + W
QH,min+QHE
QHE

QH,min QH,min – (QHE-W)

QHE
Heat
Engine
W
Heat
Engine W

Heat Engine:
Steam Turbine
Gas Turbine
QC,min+(QHE-W) QC,min
Diesel Engine
 GRAND COMPOSITE CURVE
Grand composite curve is used to analyze heat and power integration
Grand Composite Curve : Shifted Temperature versus Heat Flow
(From Cascade Diagram)

T*
QH,min

QC,min
Heat Flow
 STEAM TURBINE

HP Steam
QHP

QHP W
QLP
QFUEL
Boiler
QLP

QC,min

QC,min
 STEAM TURBINE

P1
H Turbine Isentropic
H1 Efficiency

P2 H1  H '2
T 
H1  H 2
X=1.0
H’2 X=0.9
Mollier Diagram
H2 X=0.85

S
 GAS TURBINE
QH,min+W+QLOSS

QFUEL T*EX
QH,min-(QFUEL-W-QLOSS)
T*

W
TEX AIR
Pinch

T*0
QC,min T0 ∆H
Exhaust to atmosphere QLOSS QFUEL-W-QLOSS

QFUEL-W
 EXAMPLE-1
The stream data for a heat recovery problem are given in the following table:

Stream
TS TT Heat capacity flowrate
No. Type 0
C 0
C MW K-1

1 Hot 450 50 0.25

2 Hot 50 40 1.5
3 Cold 30 400 0.22
4 Cold 30 400 0.05
5 Cold 120 121 22.0
 EXAMPLE-1
A problem table analysis for ∆Tmin = 200C results in the heat cascade given below,

T* (0C) Cascade heat flow (MW)

440 21.9
410 29.4
131 23.82
130 1.8
40 0
30 15

The process also has a requirement for 7 MW of power. Two alternative

cogeneration schemes are to be compared economically
 EXAMPLE-1
a. A steam turbine with its exhaust saturated at 1500C used for process heating is
one of the options to be considered. Superheated steam is generated in the central
boiler house at 41 bar with a temperature of 3000C. This superheated steam can be
expanded in a single-stage turbine with an isentropic efficiency of 85%. Calculate
the maximum generation of power possible by matching the exhaust steam against
the process.
b. A second possible scheme uses a gas turbine with a flow rate of air of 97 kg/s,
which has an exhaust temperature of 4000C. Calculate the power generation if the
turbine has an efficiency of 30%. Ambient temperature is100C.
c. The cost of heat from fuel for the gas turbine is $4.5 GW-1. The cost of imported
electricity is $19.2 GW-1. Electricity can be exported with a value of $14.4 GW-1.
The cost of fuel for steam generation is $3.2 GW-1. The overall efficiency of steam
generation and distribution is 80%. Which scheme is most cost-effective, the steam
turbine or the gas turbine
 SOLUTION
a. Grand Composite Curve:

T*(0C)
500
HP Steam
400 Heat recovery pocket
W
300

200

100

H (MW)
5 10 15 20 25 30

Steam condensing interval temperature is 1400C

Heat flow required from the turbine exhaust = 21.9 MW

 SOLUTION
From steam tables: F=C-P+2

Inlet turbine T1=3000C and P1 = 41 bar

H1 = 2959 kJ/kg S1= 6.349 kJ/kg K
Outlet turbine for isentropic expansion to 1500C
P2 = 4.77 bar S2 = 6.349 kJ/kg K
The wetness fraction X can be calculated from,
S2 = X SL + (1-X) SV = 1.842 X + 6.838 (1-X) → X= 0.098
The turbine outlet enthalpy for an isentropic expansion can now be calculated from:

H2=X HL + (1-X) HV = 0.098 x 632 + (1-0.098) x 2747 = 2540 kJ kg-1

For a single-stage expansion with isentropic efficiency of 85%:

H’2=H1 – ηS (H1 – H2) = 2959 – 0.85 (2959 – 2540) = 2603 kJ kg-1
The actual wetness fraction (X’) can be calculated from:
H’2 = X’ HL + (1-X’) HV → 2603=632 X’ + (1-X’) 2747 → X’=0.068
 SOLUTION
The saturated steam and condensate are separated after the turbine and only the
saturated steam used for process heating.
Steam flow to process = 21.9 x 103 / (2747-632) = 10.35 kg. s-1
Steam flow through turbine = 10.35/(1-0.068) = 11.11 kg.s-1
Power generated W = 11.11 (2959 – 2603) x 10-3 = 3.96 MW
b) Assume Cp for air = 1.03 kJ.kg-1.K-1 → CPEX = 97 x 1.03 = 100 kW.K-1
QEX = CPEX (TEX – T0) = 0.1 x (400-10)= 39 MW
QFUEL = QEX/(1-ηG ) = 39/(1-0.3) = 55.71 MW
W = QFUEL – QEX = 16.71 MW
c) Steam Turbine economics: Gas Turbine economics:
Cost of fuel = (21.9+3.96)x 3.2x10-3/0.8 Cost of fuel= 55.71x4.5x10-3
= $0.10 s-1 = $0.25 s-1
Cost of imported electricity=(7-3.96)x19.2x10-3 Electricity credit=(16.71-7)x
= $0.06 s-1 14.4x10-3=$0.14 s-1