Presented by

KULDEEP GARWA
 Chilli is one of the most important commercial crops of India. It is
grown almost throughout the country.
 There are more than 400 different varieties of chillie’s found all over the
world. It is also called as hot pepper, sweet pepper, bell pepper, etc.
 Both chilli and capsicum belong to same family as well as same genus
that is Capsicum.
 C. frutescens are used for their small and very pungent fruits in hot
sauces and as a spices.
 The species C. pubescens and C. baccatum are grown on a very small
scale.
 India is a major producer, consumer and exporter of chilli in the
world.
 China is a major capsicum producing country.
continue…
 The major chilli growing states in India are
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha,
Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.
 These states account for nearly 80% area under chillies
cultivation in India.
 Capsicum or Shimla mirch or bell pepper is one of the important
vegetable grown in India which is less pungent.
 Mid hills of Himachal Pradesh are leading suppliers of
capsicum during off-season.
 Pungency in chillies is due to alkaloid capsaicin, which has
good
export potentiality.
 The red color of chillies is due to the presence
pigment capsanthin.
 Kingdom : Plantae
 Division : Magnoliophyta
 Class : magnoliopsida
 Order : Solanales
 Family : Solanaceae
 Genus :Capsicum
 Species :annum; frutescence; baccatum; pubescence;
chinense etc.
 Chillies are known from pre-historic
times in Peru. They are believed to
have originated in the tropical
America.
 It is also said that chillies have
originated in the Latin American regions
of the New Mexico and Guatemala as a
wild crop around 7500BC.
 The people native to these places
domesticated this crop in and around
5000 BC,. Chilli is said to be the
first ever domesticated crop in
America.
 The three species C. annuum, C.
frutescens and C. chinense evolved
from a common ancestor located in the
Parameters CHILLIES DRY CHILLIES (GREEN)

Moisture 10.000 gm 85.700 gm

Protein 15.000 gm 2.900 gm

Fat 6.200 gm 0.600 gm

Minerals 6.100 gm 1.000 gm

Fiber 30.200 gm 6.800 gm

Carbohydrates 31.600 gm 3.000 gm

Energy 246.000 K cal 29.000 K cal

Calcium 160.000 mg 30.000 mg

Phosphorus 370.000 mg 80.000 mg

Iron 2.300 mg 4.400 mg

Parameters CHILLIES DRY CHILLIES (GREEN)

Carotene 345.000 μg 175.000 μg

Thiamine 0.930 mg 0.190 mg

Riboflavin 0.430 mg 0.390 mg

Niacin 9.500 mg 0.900 mg

Vitamin C 50.000 mg 111.000 mg

Parameters CHILLIES DRY CHILLIES (GREEN)
Sodium 14.000 mg --
Potassium 530.000 mg --
Phytin Phosphorus 71.000 mg 7.000 mg
Magnesium -- 272.000 mg
Copper -- 1.400 mg
Manganese -- 1.380 mg
Molybdenum -- 0.070 mg
Zinc -- 1.780 mg
Chromium -- 0.040 mg
Oxalic Acid -- 67.000 mg

Source : The National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad.

 Capsicum annum

Capsicum baccatum Capsicum chinense

Capsicum frutescens Capsicum pubescens

 CHILLI CAPSICUM
 C. frutescence known as  C. annum known as sweet
hot pepper. or bell pepper.
 Perennial in nature.  Annual in nature.
 White colored flower.  White, purple & radish
 Frits born in clusters and colored flower.
thin peel.  Fruits born singly and
 Growth determinate. thick peel.
 More pungent.  Growth

 Vit. - c content high. indeterminate.

 Less pungent.
 Self pollinated.
 Vit.- c content low.
 Used as spices.
 Cross pollinated.

 Used as vegetable.
 (A) Introduced:
1. California Wonder:- introduced by IARI, New Delhi.
2. Yolo Wonder:- introduced by IARI, New Delhi.
3. Chinese Giant:- introduced by IAHS, Bangalore.
4. World Beater:- introduced by IAHS, Bangalore.

(B) Selection:
5. Arka Mohini:- selection from Titan of USA by IIHR, Bangalore.
6. Arka Gaurav:- selection from Golden Dalwonder of USA by
IIHR, Bangalore. Indeterminate variety tolerant to bacterial
wilt.
7. Arka Basant:- selection from Hungarian variety ‘Soroksari’ by
IIHR, Bangalore. Excellent keeping and cooking qualities.
continue…
(C) Public sector hybrid:
1. Pusa Deepti(Kt-1):- hybrid between Yolo Wonder and
russian, released by IARI Regional Station, Katrain (HP).
High yielding, tolerant to bacterial leaf spot and anthracnose.
2. Green Gold
3. Pusa Meghdoot:- first F1 hybrid by public sector.

(D) Private sector hybrid:

4. Bharat:- released by IAHS, Bangalore. Resistant to TMV.
5. Solan Hybrid-2:- released by YSPUHF, Solan. Resistant to fruit
rot and virus.
6. Early Bounty
7. Lario
8. Hira
(A)
Selection:
1. G-3:- selection from NP-46-A, by Agricultural Research
Station, Lam, Guntur. Suitable for irrigated and rainfed
condition.
2. Sindhur:- selection from Hot Portoga, by Agricultural
Research Station, Lam, Guntur.
3. HC-44:- selection from local material of North Haryana, by
CCSHAU Hisar. It is tolerant to TMV, CMV and leaf curl disease.
Moderately tolerant to fruit rot, powdery mildew and wilt.
4. Jawahar Mirch 283:- selection from local collection, by JKNV,
Jabalpur (MP).
5. Arka Lohit:- by IIHR, Bangalore.
(B) Mutant:
1. MDU-1:- developed through mutation utilizing gamma rays on
seeds of K-1,
Madurai (TN).by Agriculture College and Research Institute,
continue…
 (C) Hybrid:
1. Pusa Jwala:- developed from a cross between NP-46-A Puri
Red by IARI, New Delhi. Tolerant to thrips, mite and aphid.
2. NP-46-A:- released by IARI, New Delhi. Tolerant to thrips and
susceptible to viral disease.
3. Pant C-1:- developed through NP-46-A Khandari by
GBPUAT, Pantnagar. Tolerant to mosaic and leaf curl virus.
4. Punjab Lal:- developed by crossing Perennial Long Red by
PAU, Ludhiana. Resistant to TMV, CMV, leaf curl viruses and
moderately resistant to fruit rot and die back.
5. Andhra Jyoti (G-5):- a cross of G-2 Bihar variety by
Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur. It is tolerant to thrips.

continue…
(D) Public sector hybrids:
1. Tejaswini
2. Champion
3. Delhi Hot
4. Gayatri
5. Agni

(E) Private sector hybrid:

1. CH-1:- developed by using male sterility (MS12 LLS) by PAU,
Ludhiana. This variety is tolerant to viral and fungal disease.
 Chillies can be grown from equator to 45 in both
hemispheres
i.e. tropical and sub tropical regions in areas with over 40 C
temperature.
 It is raised from sea level to 2000 meter above sea level.
 Optimum temperature for fruit set is 24 C.
 Night temperature below 10 C fruit set restricted.
 Fruit weight, length, girth and pericarp thickness were high
at 25 C day and 18 C night temperature.
 Chilli can be grown all
types of soils from light
sandy to heavy clay.
 Optimum soil pH for chilli
is 5.8 to 6.5.
 Very sensitive to water
logging.
 Thoroughly plough the land
3-4 times followed by
planking to level the field.
 Apply 250q FYM or compost for
one hectare before
transplanting.
 150kg N, 75kg P2O5 and 75kg K2O
per hectare recommended.
 Full dose of P2O5 and K2Oand 1/3
dose of N should be applied at
the time of transplanting.
 The remaining 2/3 N is applied in
two equal splits i.e. 5-6 weeks after
transplanting at the time of
earthing up and 8-10 weeks after
transplanting.
 Apply 15-20kg of well rotten FYM and 500g of 15:15:15 NPK
fertilizer during preparation of nursery bed.
 About 10-12 beds of 8 1.2 0.15m size are sufficient to raise
seedling for one hectare.
 Nursery soil should be drenched with Formalin solution or with
Captan 0.3% @ 5 lit. sol/m2 for damping off control of seedling.
 After drenching, the bed should be covered with alkathene
sheet
for 48 hours then open for 48-72 hrs before sowing.
 1-1.5kg seed is sufficient for one hectare.
 2.5mm deep in rows 5-7cm apart is better sowing.
 Optimum time for seed sowing in northern plains is October-
November while February-April for hills.
 Transplanting is done in the evening.
 The optimum spacing is 60 45cm for
open field conditions.
 In poly houses spacing is 45 30cm.

 Immediate irrigation after transplanting

facilitates better plant establishment.
 Thereafter light and frequent irrigation
should be given upto the establishment
of plant.
 Depends on soil type and season.
 Chilli plant cannot withstand water stagnation and
excess moisture, hence light irrigation proper drainage
is recommended.
 Generally crop is irrigated at an interval of 5-6 days
in summers and 9-10 days in winters.
 Sandy soils requires frequent irrigation than clay
soils.
 Gap filling is essential.
 It should be done in the evening
hours followed by irrigation.
 Two to three hand weeding at 20
and 40 days after transplanting
are essential.
 Nitralin @ 0.5-1.0kg/ha or
Fluchlorin @0.5-1.0kg/ha pre
plant incorporation before 10
days or Alachlor @2.5kg/ha pre
transplant surface application give
good control of weeds in chilli
crop.
 Green chillies are harvested after 60 days of transplanting
and dry chillies are harvested after 90 days of
transplanting.
 5-6 picking is done for green chillies.
 2-3 picking for red ripe fruits.
 Normally, 15-20q dry chilli and
140-150q of green chilli are
obtained from a hectare.
 About 25-40% dry chilli
recovery is obtained
depending upon cultivars and
thickness of the inner walls.
 The yield of capsicum is
200q/ha and from hybrids
yield above 450q/ha.
1. Blossom end rot(BER):- appearance of water soaked spots on
blossom end of the fruit.
Control:- a). Supply light irrigation regularly.
b). Avoid heavy application of N fertilizers.
c). Adding lime to the soil or spray anhydrous
calcium chloride.
2. Sun scald:- soft, light colored and slightly wrinkled areas
appear on the fruit surface.
Control:- a). Transplant seedling at closer spacing.
b). Grow abundant foliage varieties and control defoliating insects.
3. Flower and fruit drop:- due to high temperature and low
humidity, low light intensity, short day and high temperature.
Control:- a). Give light and frequent irrigation at flowering and
fruit
set stages.
Physiological disorder
 Thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis):- The larvae and adult suck the
sap of leaves, buds, flowers and cause curling of leaves.
Control:- spray Dimethoate 0.03% or Endosulfan 0.05% at 15 days
interval.
 Aphid (Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae):- suck cell sap from
leaves.
Control:- spray Methyl Demeton 0.025% or Dimethoate 0.03%
.
 White fly (Bemisia tabaci):- suck cell sap and spread leaf

curl
disease.
Control:- spray Malathion 0.1% or Endosulfan 0.05%.
 Fruit borer (Spodoptera litura):- caterpillars feed gregariously
on leaves and scrap them.
Control:- spray Cypermethrin 0.05% or Carbaryl 0.02% at 15 days
interval.
Insect Pests
o Damping off (Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium
spp., and Phytophthora spp.):-
Control:- 1. seed treatment with Captan or Thiram @ 2g/kg seed.
2. Nursery bed treatment with Formalin.
3. Drenching nursery bed with mixture of Dithane M-45 0.25% and Bavistin
0.1%.
oRipe fruit rot, Dieback and Anthracnose (Colletotrichum capsici):-

Control:-1.seed treatment with Thiram or Dithane M-45 @ 2g/kg seed.

2.Spray Dithane M-45 0.25% or Blitox 0.1% or Bavistin 0.1%.
o Fruit rot (Phytophthora capsici):-
Control:-1.seed treatment with Thiram or Dithane M-45 @ 2g/kg seed.
2.Spray Dithane M-45 0.25% or Blitox 0.1% or Bavistin 0.1%.
continue…
o Powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica):-
Control:- spray Karathane 0.2% at 15 days interval.
o Leaf spot (Cercospora capsici):-

Control:- 1. seed treatment with Thiram @ 2g/kg seed.

2.Spray Bordeaux mixture 1% or Bavistin 0.1% at 15
days interval.
o Blight (Alternaria solani):- dark and leathery spots appear
on the leaves and defoliation occur.
Control:- spray Dithane M-45 (0.2%) and repeat after 10 days
interval.
  Bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas vesicatoria):-
development of small dark and greasy spots on the leaves,
petioles and stems and water soaked spots on the green
fruits.
Control:-
1. Seed treatment with hot water at 50 C for 25 minutes.
2. Remove affected plant.
3. Destroy weed hosts.
4. Spray Streptomycin 200 ppm + Copper Oxychloride (0.03%)
thrice during October – November at 15 days interval.
 Mosaic :- caused by Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV). Chlorosis,
mottling, thickening of leaf veins, clustering of infected
leaves and stunting of plants are observed. Virus is transmitted
by aphids.
Control:-1.Grow tolerant varieties like Punjab Lal, Perennial
etc. 2.Grow barrier crops like maize or amaranthus.
3.Spray Malathion 0.1% or Methyl Demeton 0.2% at 10
days interval.
 Leaf curl:- characterized by curling, twisting, crumpling and
smalling of leaves. White fly is responsible for transmission
of disease.
Control:- 1. Rogue out infected plants and weeds.
2. Apply Phorate @ 1.25kg a.i./ha followed by Carbofuran @
1.25kg a.i./ha in nursery.
3. Spray Dimethoate 0.05% or Endosulfan 0.05% at 10 days interval.