FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNING SYSTEM

 To contain the speed rise within acceptable limits if

the unit gets disconnected from load.
 To regulate the steam control valve position and
hence load generated.
 To control the initial run up and synchronization of
the machine
 To assist in matching the power generated to that
demanded by responding to the network frequency
changes.
 SALENT FEATURES OF 500 MW KWU
TURBINE GOVERNING SYSTEM
 KWU 200 mw turbine is a throttle governed machine.
 Two governors, electro-hydraulic and hydraulic are
incorporated. Both the governors are connected in parallel.
 Only one governor can be selected at a time through the
process of hydraulic minimum selection.
 The control valve opening depends on secondary oil pressure
and there is a definite relationship between the opening of
HP control valve and IP control valve.
 Between 50 to 500 mw the turbine load is varied by changing
the HP, IP control valve throttling.
 HYDRAULIC GOVERNOR SALENT FEATURES

 Hydraulic governor is having only one control loop

called speed controller.
 HG consists of mechanical arrangement of spring and
bellow.
 Machine speed is measured and indicated as primary
oil pressure.
 Range of speed control is 2800-3210 rpm.
 Speed regulation range (droop) of HG is 7% and can
not be changed while the machine is running.
 HG acts as a back-up to the EHG.
 HG can not be isolated mechanically like EHG and HG
is considered to be the primary governor of the KWU
turbine
MECHANICAL HYDRAULIC GOVERNING
(MHG)

Starting Device Speeder Gear

Reset MTV & Hydraulic Converter

Open ESV
Follow up Piston
Load Limiter
Develop Sec. Oil
Pressure
ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC GOVERNOR SALENT FEATURES

 EHG consists of three control loops for speed, load and

pressure.
 EHG optimizes the turbine life by conservative operation
with the aid of TSE.
 Faster response and precise frequency control.
 Actual speed of the turbine is measured by using hall
probes
 Range of speed control is wider (0-3210) rpm.
 Speed regulation (Droop) can be changed from 2.5% to
8% in a step of 0.5% even when the machine runs on
load.The usual setting of droop in EHG is 5%.
 EHG can be mechanically isolated by closing the
secondary oil line from the local.
 Electro - Hydraulic Governing
(EHG)

Speed Load Pressure

Controller Controller Controller

Electro Hydraulic Converter

Follow-up Piston

Develop Sec. Oil

Pressure
 ADVANTAGES OF EHC
• i) Increases the life of turboset by conservative
operation with the aid of TSE
• ii) Reliable operation of isolated power grid by
Automatic Switchover of the load controller to
frequency control.
• iii) Precise maintenance of the rated frequency of the
power grid by means of an exact frequency load curve.
• iv) Low speed deviation under all operational
conditions.
• v) Support of the pressure control system
 DIFFERENT OILS USED IN KWU TURBINE

• Control oil (source oil)

• Signal oil (LP bypass operation)
• Auxiliary start-up oil
• Start-up oil
• Auxiliary trip oil
• Trip oil
• Auxiliary secondary oil
• secondary oil
• Test oil
• Primary oil
• Lub oil
• Jacking oil
 GOVERNING SYSTEM DEVICES
• Remote trip solenoids
• Turbine trip gear (Main trip valve)
• Starting and load limiting device
• Speeder gear
• Auxiliary follow-up piston
• Follow-up piston
• Hydraulic amplifier
• Electro-hydraulic convertor
• Sequence trimming device
• Solenoid for load sheeding relay
• Extaction valve relay
REMOTE TRIP SOLENOIDS
 kwu

• EHC can be divided into following sub-sections:

• 1 Speed measurement and Speed controller
• 2 Load controller and Load measurement
• 3 Pressure controller
• 4 Control transfer of Speed, Load and
Pressure Controller
• 5 Admission /Position Controller
 Droop of kwu m/c
output

+100%

2790 2940 3060 3210

0%
RPM

-100%
 What is Droop?
% of frequency change ( % of RPM change)
will lead to full travel of Governing valves or
full load change.
5% droop means: 5%*50 Hz= 2.5 Hz
Will change 500MW. In terms of output total
change should take place is 100%
 TURBINE DROOP 5% & NO DEAD BAND

3000
2700 2850 RPM 3150 3300

+100%

0 -150 RPM 0 +150 RPM +300

-100%

2790
+100%

DROOP5% & DEAD BAND +/-2%

0%

2940 3060

-100%
3210
 1) Speed Controller
• Speed Controller is used to increase turbine speed
from barring speed to rated speed in a controlled
manner and to assist Auto synchronizer in
synchronizing the machine and taking the blocking
load. After synchronization speed controller can be
used for taking load up to 100% but as a normal
practice approx. 10% of load should be taken and
then load controller should be taken into service. It is
done because during speed controller mode a small
frequency change will cause corresponding opening
in valve opening ( hence in load)
Speed controller can be divided into sub section:
Speed set point,
Speed set point control, Dn/Dt monitoring,
Speed control Loop, No load correction.

• a) Speed set point can be changed from cabinet, desk,

auto Synchronizer and SGC turbine. The set point is
called nR. The set point changes at a gradient of
2160 rpm/min up to a setting 2820 rpm. After
2820rpm speed set point changes at a gradient of
360 rpm/min which enables accurate setting of set
point in the working range
 Speed Set Point control
• Speed Set Point control :- The set point
fixed in the earlier section cannot be passed
to speed control loop directly as it is only
the desired value which can be changed at a
very fast rate and it does not take care of
turbine stress margin. To incorporate the
above facilities an integration (closed loop)
is used.
 Dn/Dt MONITORING
• A Speed controller output (hr n c) should be
more than 0.0 V (with a time delay of 10 seconds)
• B E S V’s open.
• C Generator circuit breaker in open condition.
• D Actual speed (n a c t) < 2850 rpm.
• E Speed set point (nR) more than 700 RPM for
200MW. For 500MW,set point is > 400 rpm.
• F Dn/Dt < 108 rpm
M/c will bring back to soaking speed 600rpm/360rpm
 Speed Controller Loop:-
• Speed Controller loop is PD (P) loop with a
droop of 5%.
• As the rated speed of the turbine is 3000 rpm
hence 5% is 150 rpm. A deviation of 150
rpm will correspond to full opening of the
control valve (with the assumption that full
opening of control valve will give full load at
rated parameters)
EHC: SPEED CONTROLLER
 2.Load Controller
• Load controller is used to maintain the load set by
the operator ( at turbine control or at CMC console
) or automatic load dispatch Centre (optional ).
Load controller is also responsible for taking care
of frequency changes and correcting the load. The
controller comes into operation only after
synchronization, before Synchronization it
remains in the follow mode .The total loop can be
divided in the following sub-sections
 Sub-sections of Load controller
• 2A) Load set point (PR)
• 2B) Load Gradient and TSE Margin Influence.
• 2C) Load Set Point Control (PRTD)
• 2D) Frequency influence.
• 2E) Load Limiter
• 2F) Actual Load Acquisition
• 2G) Final Control Loop
•  
 2A)Load Set Point:-
• Load Set Point:- Load set point can be
changed from cabinet, desk, SGC or CMC or
from Auto dispatch Centre (optional).The set
point changes at a gradient of 100 MW /Min
for 200MW & 250MW/min for 500MW).
The gradient remains same through out the
range. The load set point indicator is
available at desk. The range of the indicator
is 0-250 MW for 200 MW M/c & 0-600MW
for 500MW M/c.
 2B) Load gradient and TSE
influence
• Load gradient is an additional feature available in load
controller. The load gradient acts in parallel with TSE
margin with minimum Selector. Load gradient range
is 0-25MW/ min : 200MW & 0-60MW/min
(500MW).
• While for TSE margin 0-30 degree K corresponds to
0-25 MW/min –200MW, 0-60MW/min(500Mw)
• Both load gradient and TSE margin have got an
ON/OFF switched, so if any one is desired to be taken
out of service can be switched off.
 2C) Load set point
Control(PRTD )
• If load gradient is off and any change in PR is made
PRTD changes by 5%
• The function of PRTD is similar to the NRTD in
speed controller The maximum rate change here is
25MW /min or 60MW in both directions
• The set point controller remains in follows mode in
generator breaker is off or load controller is off or
load is less than station load& MW error>10%.
During this mode PRTD follows actual load without
delay
• STOP command is generated if TSE fault appears
 2D)Frequency Influence
• Frequency influence is used to correct the
load set point. The frequency influence has
got a droop of 5%
• The frequency influence can be switched
on/off from Frequency Influence module
• Indicator for the correction signal is available
at desk of range +/- 100MW for 200MW M/c
& +/- 200 MW for 500MW M/c.
• IN all NTPC stations this has been kept off.
 2E) Load Limiter
• Final Set point (addition of PRTD and PR F ) is
fed to a minimum selector with the load limiter
• Load limiter will limit the actual load and it also
can be used for fast reduction of load in
emergency cases.
• PR (in turn PRTD )also should be reduced, so that
during load increase as per PRTD and not as per
load limiter
 2F) Actual Load Acquisition
/Load measurement
• The actual load is measured by three load
transducers which get the signal from PT and CT
and give out put 0-250MW (or 0-500MW M/c)
corresponds to 4-20 mA
• The middle value of the three load measurement is
use for processing
• If any value drifts from the other value by more
than 5%, a selective alarm is generated
EHC: Load controller
 2G)Final Controller Loop
• The final loop is a PI controller
• Two major parts consisting of two cards ARL 12&
ARL 13 specially designed for this purpose
• Error signal is generated from the final set point and
actual load in ARL 12 card. It has an inbuilt
frequency influence whose responsibility is to
prevent the over speeding of the turbine. Hence, this
frequency influence acts only to reduce the out put
of the controller
• The output of ARL 13 card provides the integrator
part of the loop. Apart from the integrated, ARL 13
has also got a filter
 3 Pressure Controller :-
• 3a) Initial Pressure Mode A Pressure deviation
signal (difference of required pressure as per load and
actual pressure ) is fed to the controller .As long the
deviation is more than + 150mV (Actual> required )
the pressure controller output remains as maximum
saturation. If the deviation fall between 0 to +150mV,
the output of the pr. controller comes out from
saturation & match to the output of final minimum
selection output
• As soon as the deviation becomes negative, the output
of the pressure control starts
• This mode comes when runback action comes into
picture or it is selected from console
 Pressure controller
3b Limit pressure mode
• The function of this mode is similar to the initial
pressure mode .The only difference being that biasing
of 10Kg/Cm2 is given in this loop. Hence, all the
action start after the pressure drops by more than
10Kg/Cm2.
• This mode is used when m/c is in load control; a
small pressure correction signal is also applied +/-
side to load set point control.
• This mode should be used once the load on turbo set
is stabilized.
 4 Control Transfer:-
• This loop receives the signal from speed controller
(hrnc), load controller(hr PC) and pr. controller
• a set of Max & Min selection and then final value
selected is passed on to position /admission controller
• hrnc> and <hr PC> pass through a maximum value
selector and the value selected is passed on to first MIN
value selection. 10.5v is added in <hrnc> and this value
is also fed to first Min value selector
• The value selected in first Min value selector is passed
on to the second MIN value selector along with output of
pressure controller output (hr PRC) The value selected
here is passed on the position / admission controller.
 PLUNGER COIL RESPONSE

• STEP INPUT OF ORDER OF 2 VOLT DC

• COLLINS RESPONSE AT INPUT OF
CARD ( 1 ,2)
• EHC COIL RESPONSE
• HPCV RESPONSE, DELAY BY 1 SEC
Structure of the Electro-Hydraulic Turbine Controller (EHTC)

Speed Control
Loop

EH-CONV

Load Control Selection Admission EL

Loop circuit Control loop HYD

Press Control
Loop

4
 CONTROL TRANSFER LOGIC & ADMISSION CONT
ACTUALPR –SET
THROTTLE PR.
MIN
SUMMER
PI CONTR
COLLINS

10 KSC EHC
PI
MIN CONT. CONV
INITIAL PR. MODE

LOAD CONT

MAX MIN
SPEED CONT
100% -0-+100%

OVER SPEED LIMIT

105%
 MIN

PI EHC
controller HP sec. oil
Plunger
Admission Coil
controller IP sec oil

AND

PLUNGER COIL
EHC>
ON/OFF PB
100%
Electro-Hydraulic Controller (EHC)

2
 Trim -Device
• To limit rise in H.P.exhaust hood
temperature in case of load drop below 20%
coupled with rise in CRH pressure.
• To facilitate Turbine operation with OR
without HP-LP bypass.
• This is achieved by adjusting relative
opening of IPCV with respect To HPCV
 LOAD SHEDDING RELAY
• LOAD shedding relay is used to support the function of
the turbine governor. A quick correction value input to
the hydraulic governor output & secondary oil pr. of
IPCV min speed building
• When acceleration time constant is very small or when
governor under load or pressure control.
• Sudden negative jump in load is detected electrically
instantaneously by the load shedding relay
• 200MW: Load throw off>40% & residual load<15% &
frequency>49 Hz
•  500 MW: Load throw off>50% & residual load<30% &
frequency>49 Hz in a response time of 100mili seconds.
Full load through off <6% the total interrogation time
for solenoids to energize is 1.25 seconds.