SIGMUND FREUD

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

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INTRODUCTION • WE ALWAYS HAVE THIS NOTION IN OUR
HEAD THAT OUR PRESENT BEHAVIOR IS
HEAVILY INFLUENCED BY OUR PAST
CHILDHOOD (SOMETIMES TRAUMATIC)
EXPERIENCES.

• THIS NARRATIVE IS THE MAIN IDEA OF OF

PSYCHOANALYSIS.

• ESTABLISHED BY SIGMUND FREUD WHICH

IS ARGUABLY THE MOST CONTROVERSIAL
THEORY UNTIL NOW.
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BIOGRAPHY
Sigmund Freud (6 May
1856 – 23 September Spent most of life (80 Was the eldest son of
1939) born in Freiberg years) in Vienna, Austria eight
Moravia.

He was an Austrian
Studied Hysteria with
Studied Medicine, neurologist who became
Charcot and Breuer
specializing psychiatry known as the founding
(1895)
father of psychoanalysis.

He was close to his Died in London in 1939

mother when he was Fond of drug cocoaine.
young. Jaw Cancer

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 • SIGMUND FREUD DEVELOPED THE BEST-KNOWN
THEORY OF PERSONALITY FOCUSED UPON INTERNAL
GROWTH OR PSYCHODYNAMICS’. THE THEORY
SUMMARY STRESSES THE INFLUENCE OF UNCONSCIOUS FEARS,
DESIRES AND MOTIVATION ON THOUGHTS AND
BEHAVIOR. FREUD PSYCHOANALYSIS BECAME BOTH A
THEORY OF PERSONALITY AND A METHOD OF
PSYCHOTHERAPY. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY HAS
THREE MAJOR PARTS:
• A THEORY OF THE STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY, IN
WHICH THE ID, EGO
• AND SUPEREGO ARE THE PRINCIPAL PARTS.
• A THEORY OF PERSONALITY DYNAMICS, IN WHICH
CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVATION AND EGO-
DEFENSE MECHANISMS PLAY A MAJOR ROLE.
• A THEORY OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT, IN WHICH
DIFFERENT MOTIVES AND BODY REGIONS INFLUENCE
THE CHILD AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF GROWTH, WITH
EFFECTS PERSISTING IN THE FORM OF ADULT
PERSONALITY TRAITS. 4

• DEFENSE MECHANISMS, DREAM ANALYSIS

LEVELS OF
MENTAL
LIFE

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 LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE

- UNCONSCIOUS – CONTAINS ALL THOSE DRIVES, URGES, OR INSTINCTS

THAT ARE BEYOND OUR AWARENESS BUT THAT NEVERTHELESS
MOTIVATE MOST OF OUR WORDS, FEELINGS AND ACTIONS.
- PRECONSCIOUS - CONTAINS ALL THOSE ELEMENTS THAT ARE NOT
CONSCIOUS BUT CAN BECOME CONSCIOUS EITHER QUITE READILY OR
WITH SOME DIFFICULTY. CAN COME EITHER FROM CONSCIOUS OR
UNCONSCIOUS.
- CONSCIOUS – DEFINED AS THOSE MENTAL ELEMENTS IN AWARENESS
AT ANY GIVEN POINT IN TIME.
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- PERCEPTUAL CONSCIOUS SYSTEM – WHICH TURNED TOWARD THE OUTER WORLD AND ACTS AS A
MEDIUM FOR THE PERCEPTION OF EXTERNAL STIMULI.
Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality argues that human
behavior is the result of the interactions among three component parts of the
mind: 

ID – PLEASURE
EGO – REALITY
SUPEREGO- FOR PERFECTION/IDEAL

PROVINCES OF THE MIND

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 ID (PRIMITIVE, INSTINCTIVE COMPONENT OF PERSONALITY)

 AT THE CORE OF PERSONALITY AND COMPLETELY UNCONSCIOUS IS THE

PSYCHICAL REGION CALLED ID, A TERM DERIVED FROM THE IMPERSONAL
PRONOUN MEANING “THE IT”, OR NOT THE YET OWNED COMPONENT OF
PERSONALITY.
 THE ID, THE MOST PRIMITIVE PART, CAN BE THOUGHT OF AS A SORT OF
STOREHOUSE OF BIOLOGICALLY BASED URGES: TO EAT, DRINK, ELIMINATE, AND
ESPECIALLY, TO BE SEXUALLY STIMULATED.
 THE SEXUAL ENERGY THAT UNDERLIES THESE URGES IS CALLED THE LIBIDO.
 ID IS PRESENT IN THE DEEPEST LEVEL OF THE UNCONSCIOUS AND REPRESENTS
THE INNER WORLD OF SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE.
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 The id operates according to the pleasure principle, seeking to
reduce tension, avoid pain, and obtain pleasure. In a formal
gathering if a person is feeling very hungry and may start
eating without the formal invitation for starting the meal or a
student may start eating his lunch in the class when the teacher
is teaching disregarding his classroom act as Id.

ID
The pleasure principle attempts to reduce tension by wish
fulfillment. In other words, it is referred to as primary
process thinking. Whatever comes first in the person’s mind,
he or she wants to satisfy that desire immediately.

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EGO (THE DECISION-MAKING COMPONENT)

THE LATIN WORD OF EGO IS ‘I’ WHICH MEANS ‘SELF’.

 THE EGO ACTSAS A MEDIATOR OR BALANCER BETWEEN
THE DEMANDS OF ID AND SUPEREGO.
 EGO IS BASED ON THE REALITY PRINCIPLE.
 EGODELAYS THE DISCHARGE OF TENSION. IT POSTPONED THE DESIRES. THIS
ADAPTIVE MEASURE OF EGO IS REFEREED AS SECONDARY PROCESS THINKING.
 PROCESS THINKING – EGO WAITS FOR THE RIGHT MOMENT FOR THE
SATISFACTION OF DESIRE, WHEREAS ID SATISFIES DESIRES IMMEDIATELY.
 EGODEVELOPS FROM ID AND WORKS FOR ID. EGO IS AN EXECUTIVE, WHICH
MEDIATE BETWEEN THE DEMANDS OF ID AND REALITIES OF WORLD AND 10

DEMANDS OF SUPER EGO

  CONTROL AND REGULATION OF INSTINCTUAL
DERIVES.
 RELATION TO REALITY
o SENSE OF REALITY
o REALITY TESTING
o ADAPTATION TO REALITY
EGO  PRIMARY AUTONOMOUS FUNCTION
o PERCEPTION
o THINKING
o SPEAKING
o IQ
o MEMORY
 INTUITION 11
IT IS IDEAL RATHER THAN REAL.
THE SUPEREGO IS THAT PART OF PERSONALITY
THAT REPRESENTS INTERNALIZED VALUE, IDEALS,
AND MORAL ATTITUDE OF SOCIETY. SUPEREGO
IT IS OUTGROWTH OF LEARNING THE TABOOS AND (THE MORAL
MORAL VALUES OF SOCIETY. IT IS REFERRED TO COMPONENT )
CONSCIENCE AND IS CONCERNED WITH RIGHT
AND WRONG.
ITS PSYCHIATRIC FUNCTION IS EXPRESSES AS
GUILT, SELF- CRITICISM AND CONSCIENCES.
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 SUPEREGO
REWARDING FUNCTIONS – EGO IDEAL- SUPEREGO
DEVELOPS WITH OEDIPUS COMPLEX. IT STRIVES
FOR PERFECTION. IT IS SOCIETY HIMSELF. IT IS
EXTREME OF ID AND IT IS FOR SELF-
PRESERVATION BY SOCIETY NORMS.
EGO IDEAL: IT IS REWARDING FUNCTION OF
SUPEREGO. IT IS BY POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
FOR I.E. COPY, MENU RIMES OF FATHER OR ANY
BELOVED PERSON.

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EXAMPLE

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 DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY

• DRIVES – OPERATES AS A CONSTANT MOTIVATIONAL FORCE. AS

AN INTERNAL STIMULUS, DRIVES DIFFER FROM EXTERNAL
STIMULI IN THAT THEY CANNOT BE AVOIDED THROUGH
FLIGHT.
• SEXUAL DRIVE: FREUD BELIEVED THAT THE ENTIRE BODY US
INVESTED WITH LIBIDO (ENERGY FOR SEXUAL DRIVE) ESPECIALLY
ON THE EROGENOUS ZONES.
• CAN BE EXPRESSED VIA NARCISSISM, LOVE AND MASOCHISM.
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 DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY

• AGGRESSION: THE AIM OF THE DESTRUCTIVE DRIVE,

ACCORDING TO FREUD IS TO RETURN THE ORGANISM TO AN
INORGANIC STATE.
• BECAUSE THE ULTIMATE INORGANIC CONDITION IS DEATH, THE
FINAL AIM OF THE AGGRESSIVE DRIVE IS SELF DESTRUCTION
• CAN BE EXPRESSED VIA TEASING, GOSSIP, SARCASM, HUMILIATION,
HUMOR AND ENJOYMENT OF OTHER’S PEOPLE SUFFERING
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• THANATOS – DEATH DRIVE
 DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY

• ANXIETY – FREUD EMPHASIZED THAT IT IS A FELT, AFFECTIVE,

UNPLEASANT STATE ACCOMPANIED BY A PHYSICAL SENSATION THAT
WARNS THE PERSON AGAINST IMPENDING DANGER.
• NEUROTIC ANXIETY: DEFINED AS APPREHENSION ABOUT AN UNKNOWN
DANGER; DURING CHILDHOOD, THESE FEELINGS OF HOSTILITY ARE OFTEN
ACCOMPANIED BY FEAR OF PUNISHMENT, AND THIS FEAR BECOMES
GENERALIZED INTO UNCONSCIOUS NEUROTIC ANXIETY.
• MORAL ANXIETY: STEMS FROM THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE EGO AND THE
SUPEREGO
• REALISTIC ANXIETY: IT IS DEFINED AS AN UNPLEASANT, NONSPECIFIC 17

FEELING INVOLVING A POSSIBLE DANGER.

• FREUD BELIEVED THAT
PERSONALITY DEVELOPS
THROUGH A SERIES OF
CHILDHOOD STAGES IN WHICH
THE PLEASURE-SEEKING
ENERGIES OF THE ID BECOME
FOCUSED ON CERTAIN
EROGENOUS AREAS. THIS
PSYCHOSEXUAL ENERGY,
LIBIDO, WAS DESCRIBED AS THE
OR
PSYCHOSEXUAL
DRIVING
BEHAVIOR.
FORCE BEHIND
DEVELOPMENT
• IF THESE PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
ARE COMPLETED SUCCESSFULLY,
THE RESULT IS A HEALTHY
PERSONALITY. IF CERTAIN ISSUES
ARE NOT RESOLVED AT THE
APPROPRIATE STAGE, FIXATION 18

CAN OCCUR.
 PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT

 ACCORDING TO FREUD, ALL HUMAN BEING PASS THROUGH A SERIES OF FIVE PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES:
 ORAL STAGE 0 TO 2 YEARS – DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE THE MOUTH IS THE PRINCIPAL ORGAN.
GRATIFICATION IS BY SUCKING THE BREAST OF MOTHER AND BOTTLE.
 ANAL STAGE 2 TO 3 YEARS – MEMBRANES OF THE ANAL REGION PROVIDE PLEASURE. NOT PASSING
FECAL MATTER ALSO GIVES PLEASURE TO THE CHILD.
 PHALLIC STAGE 3 TO 6 YEARS – SELF-MANIPULATION OF THE GENITAL ORGANS; THE CHILD ALSO
IDENTIFIES GROUP TO WHICH HE BELONGS’; WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HIM AND HIS
YOUNGER SISTER.
 LATENCY STAGE OF 6 TO 12 YEARS – THIS IS A STAGE OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT WHEN
OVERT SEXUAL INTEREST IS REPRESSED AND SUBLIMATED. THE CHILD’S ATTENTION IS FOCUSED ON
LEARNING SKILLS AND OTHER PEER ACTIVITIES.
 GENITAL STAGE – THIS IS THE FINAL STAGE OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT REACHED IN19PUBERTY
WHEN THE DEEPEST FEELINGS OF PLEASURE ARE SAID TO COME FROM HETEROSEXUAL RELATIONS.
DEFENSE MECHANISM

Defenses are unconscious mental process that ego uses to resolve

conflicts among instincts (wish or need}. When defense is most
effective, they abolish anxiety and depression. Defenses are
dynamic and reversible.

Ego defense mechanisms are mental mechanism, used when

individual unconsciously experiences a basic conflict between id-
impulses and demands of superego.

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 DEFENSE
MECHANISM

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 REPRESSION

• PAINFUL EXPERIENCES UNACCEPTABLE THOUGHTS AND IMPULSES ARE

DISMISSED FROM CONSCIOUS MIND TO UNCONSCIOUS MIND. DURING
CHILDHOOD THEY ARE REPRESSED AND BECOMES UNCONSCIOUS SOURCE
OF EMOTIONAL CONFLICT IN LATER LIFE. SELFISH, HOSTILE, SEXUAL
FEEDING ARE REPRESSED. SUCH REPRESSION CAUSE INTERNAL CONFLICT.

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 COMPENSATION

• COMPENSATION A PATTERN OF ADAPTIVE BEHAVIORS BY

WHICH ANXIETY FROM FEELING OF INADEQUACY OR
WEAKNESS IS RELIEVED AS INDIVIDUAL EMPHASIZES OF
INTENSIVE TRAINING OF SOME PERSONAL OR SOCIAL
ATTRIBUTE THAT OVERSHADOWS HIS INADEQUACY AND
GAIN SOCIAL APPROVAL .

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 DISPLACEMENT

• HE DISPLACES HIS EMOTION TO OTHER PERSON OR

OBJECT WHICH IS LESS ANXIETY PRODUCING.
• EXAMPLE - TEACHER, WHO IS ANGRY WITH
SUPERVISOR, CANNOT SHOW HIS FEELINGS BUT
REACTS WITH UNREASONABLE ANGER WHEN A
STUDENT BREAKS A WINDOWPANE. TEACHER HAS
UNCONSCIOUSLY SUBSTITUTED THE STUDENT FOR
SUPERVISOR AND DISPLACED HIS FEELINGS. 24
 SUBLIMATION

• IN MECHANISM OF SUBLIMATION THE ENERGY INVOLVED IN ANXIETY

PRODUCED PRIMITIVE IMPULSES IS UNCONSCIOUSLY REDIRECTED INTO
CONSTRUCTIVE AND SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE CHANNELS. IT IS ONE OF
POSITIVE ADAPTATION TO ANXIETY AND RESPONSIBLE FOR MUCH OF
ARTISTIC AND CULTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS OF CIVILIZED PEOPLE. IT IS WHEN
WOMAN REDIRECTS HER SEXUAL DESIRES INTO SUCCESSFUL CAREER OF
POETESS.
• EXAMPLE - MAHADEVI VERMA AND TULSIDAS ARE EXAMPLE OF THIS
SUBLIMATION. TULSIDAS AFTER SCOLDED BY HIS WIFE, TURNED HIS PSYCHIC
ENERGY /LIBIDO ENERGY INTO POETRY.

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 DENIAL

• IT IS A PROCESS WHERE THE INDIVIDUAL TRULY DOES NOT RECOGNIZE THE

EXISTENCE OF AN EVENT OR FEELING. DENIAL IS USED IN SCHIZOPHRENIA.
IT IS OFTEN SEEN AS A REACTION OF THE HEALTHY PERSON WHEN HE IS
CONFRONTED BY A DISASTROUS SITUATION.

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 IDENTIFICATION

• IT USEFUL MECHANISM BECAUSE IT PLAYS A LARGE PART IN DEVELOPMENT

OF A CHILD PERSONALITY. THROUGH THIS PROCESS INDIVIDUAL DEFENDS
AGAINST ANXIETY RESULTING FROM FEELING OF INADEQUACY BY
UNCONSCIOUSLY TAKING ON DESIRABLE ATTRIBUTES FOUND IN PEOPLE
FOR WHOM HE HAS ADMIRATION AND AFFECTION. HE INTEGRATES THESE
ATTRIBUTES INTO HIS OWN PERSONALITY.

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 INTROJECTION

• MECHANISM OF INTROJECTIONS IS CLOSELY RELATED TO IDENTIFICATION.

INTROJECTION TENDS TO REPLACE ALL OR PART OF PERSONALITY.
INTROJECTION IS THAT ENTIRE PERSONALITY OF A SECOND PERSON HAS BEEN
INCORPORATED AND HAS REPLACED THE ORIGINAL PERSONALITY.
• EXAMPLE: AFTER MARRIAGE LADY TAKES ALL VALUES OF HUSBAND AND
THINKS ITS OWN. SHE INCORPORATE THE PERSONALITY OF HER HUSBAND.

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 RATIONALIZATION

•RATIONALIZATION IS A MENTAL MECHANISM THAT IS ALMOST UNIVERSALLY

EMPLOYED. IT IS AN ATTEMPT TO MAKE HIS BEHAVIOR AS RESULT OF LOGICAL THINKING
RATHER THAN RESULT OF UNCONSCIOUS DESIRES THAT ARE ANXIETY PRODUCING. IT IS A
FACE SAVING DEVICE THAT MAY OR MAY NOT DEAL WITH THE ACTUAL TRUTH.

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 REGRESSION

• REGRESSION OCCURS WHEN AN INDIVIDUAL IS FACED WITH ANXIETY FROM

A CONFLICT, THAT CANNOT TO SOLVED BY USING THE ADAPTIVE
MECHANISM WITH WHICH HE USED TO SOLVE PROBLEMS. IN SUCH A
SITUATION, HE MAY UNCONSCIOUSLY RETURN TO THE PATTERNS OF
BEHAVIOR APPROPRIATE TO AN EARLIER DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE. ANY
RETREAT INTO A STATE OF DEPENDENCY ON OTHERS TO AVOID FACING
ACUTE PROBLEMS “CRYING ON SOMEONE SHOULDER” IS SYMBOLIC OF
INFANTS SEEKING COMFORT ON MATERNAL BOSOM.

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 PROJECTION

• PROJECTION IS TRANSFERRING THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR UNACCEPTABLE IDEAS,

WISHES OR THOUGHTS TO ANOTHER PERSON WHEN INDIVIDUAL’S OWN
AGGRESSIVE THOUGHTS ARE UNACCEPTABLE TO HIM AND CAUSE ANXIETY, HE
BLAMES SOME ONE ELSE FOR IT. IT IS USED IN PARANOID, HE IS SUSPICIOUS ABOUT
INFIDELITY OF HIS WIFE WHEN ACTUALLY HE LACK OF FIDELITY IN HIS MIND.
• EXAMPLE: STUDENT BLAME THE TEACHER THAT HE HAS FAILED ME. I HAVE DONE
WELL BUT HE HAS SOME THING AGAINST ME, SO HE HAS FAILED ME.
• EXAMPLE: PARANOID PERSON MAY PROJECT HIS OWN INNER HATE OF OTHERS BY
SAYING THAT GROUP OF PEOPLE IS PLOTTING TO KILL HIM OR INTENDING TO
EXPLOIT HIM.
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 • FREUD’S THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT
IS ONLY UP TO EARLY CHILDHOOD
• INFANTILE PERIOD: BIRTH TO
FIVE YEARS OLD
• LATENCY PERIOD: FROM THE 4TH

STAGES OF
YEAR OR 5TH YEAR UNTIL
PUBERTY, BOTH BOYS AND GIRLS
USUALLY BUT NOT ALWAYS, GO
DEVELOPMENT THROUGH A PERIOD OF
DORMANT PSYCHOSEXUAL
DEVELOPMENT.
• GENITAL PERIOD: PUBERTY
SIGNALS A REAWAKENING OF
THE SEXUAL AIM AND THE
BEGINNING OF THE GENITAL
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PERIOD.
INFANTILE PERIOD
• BEFORE, PEOPLE ARE HESITANT TO ACCEPT THAT INFANTS
HAVE SEXUAL DRIVE. TODAY, HOWEVER, NEARLY ALL CLOSE
OBSERVERS ACCEPT THE IDEA THAT CHILDREN SHOW AN
INTEREST IN THE GENITALS, DELIGHT IN SEXUAL PLEASURE,
AND MANIFEST SEXUAL EXCITEMENT.
• ORAL PHASE – INFANTS OBTAIN LIFE-SUSTAINING
NOURISHMENT THROUGH THE ORAL CAVITY, BUT BEYOND
THAT, THEY ALSO GAIN PLEASURE THROUGH ACT OF
SUCKING
• ORAL RECEPTIVE PHASE: INFANTS FEEL NO AMBIVALENCE TOWARD
THE PLEASURABLE OBJECT AND THEIR NEEDS ARE USUALLY
SATISFIED WITH A MINIMUM OF FRUSTRATION AND ANXIETY.
• ORAL SADISTIC PHASE: INFANTS RESPOND TO OTHERS THROUGH
BITING, COOING, CLOSING THEIR MOUTH, SMILING AND CRYING.
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INFANTILE PERIOD
• ANAL PHASE: THE AGGRESSIVE DRIVE, WHICH DURING THE
FIRST YEAR OF LIFE TAKES THE FORM OF ORAL SADISM,
REACHES FULLER DEVELOPMENT DURING THE SECOND YEAR
WHEN THE ANUS EMERGES AS A SEXUALLY PLEASURABLE
ZONE.
• EARLY ANAL PERIOD: CHILDREN RECEIVE SATISFACTION BY
DESTROYING OR LOSING OBJECTS. AT THIS TIME, THE DESTRUCTIVE
NATURE OF THE SADISTIC DRIVE IS STRONGER THAN THE EROTIC ONE,
AND CHILDREN OFTEN BEHAVE AGGRESSIVELY TOWARD THEIR
PARENTS FOR FRUSTRATING THEM WITH TOILET TRAINING.
• LATE ANAL PERIOD: THEY SOMETIMES TAKE A FRIENDLY INTEREST
TOWARD THEIR FECES, AN INTEREST THAT STEMS FROM THE EROTIC
PLEASURE OF DEFECATING
• IF CHILDREN WILL BE FORCED TO WITHHOLD THEIR FECES, THEY MAY
DEVELOP ANAL CHARACTER
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INFANTILE PERIOD

• PHALLIC PHASE: A TIME WHEN THE

GENITAL AREA BECOMES THE LEADING
EROGENOUS ZONE: THIS STAGE IS
MARKED FOR THE FIRST TIME BY A
DICHOTOMY BETWEEN MALE AND
FEMALE DEVELOPMENT.
• ANATOMY IS DESTINY.

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 OEDIPUS COMPLEX: sexual desire for mother/hostility
INFANTILE for the father

PERIOD: CASTRATION COMPLEX in the form of castration

anxiety shatters the Oedipus complex
MALE
Identification with father
PHALLIC
Strong superego replaces the nearly completely dissolved
PHASE Oedipus complex

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INFANTILE PERIOD: FEMALE PHALLIC PHASE
CASTRATION COMPLEX in the
form of penis envy
Identification with the mother
Oedipus complex develops as an
attempt to obtain a penis (Sexual
desires for the father; hostility
towards mother)
Weak superego replaces the
partially dissolved Oedipus
complex
Gradual realization that the oedipal
desires are self defeating.
Freud admitted that he does not
know if his theories about women
are correct. He said that women are
an enigma and not comprehensible
to the straightforward nature of the
male population.
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LATENCY PERIOD

• IT IS FROM THE 4TH OR 5TH YEAR UNTIL PUBERTY, BOTH

BOYS AND GIRLS USUALLY, BIT NOT ALWAYS, GO
THOROUGH A PERIOD OF DORMANT PSYCHOSEXUAL
DEVELOPMENT.
• BOYS AND GIRLS MINGLE WITH EACH OTHER WITH NO
PROBLEM

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 GENITAL PERIOD

• PUBERTY SIGNALS A REAWAKENING OF THE SEXUAL AIM AND

THE BEGINNING OF THE GENITAL PERIOD.
• FIRST, ADOLESCENTS GIVE UP AUTOEROTICISM AND DIRECT THEIR
SEXUAL ENERGY TOWARD ANOTHER PERSON INSTEAD OF THEMSELVES.
• SECOND, REPRODUCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE
• THIRD, ALTHOUGH PENIS ENVY MAY MAY CONTINUE TO LINGER IN
GIRLS, THE VAGINA FINALLY OBTAINS THE SAME STATUS FOR THEM
THAT THE PENIS HAD FOR THEM DURING INFANCY.
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MATURITY

• IT IS A STAGE ATTAINED AFTER A

PERSON HAS PASSED THROUGH THE
EARLIER DEVELOPMENTAL PERIODS
IN AN IDEAL MANNER.
• UNFORTUNATELY, PSYCHOLOGICAL
MATURITY SELDOM HAPPENS BECAUSE
PEOPLE HAVE TOO MANY OPPORTUNITIES
TO DEVELOP PATHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
OR NEUROTIC PREDISPOSITIONS.

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APPLICATION OF PSYCHOANALYSIS

PYSCHOANALYTIC THERAPY: THE PRIMARY GOAL OF

FREUD’S LATER PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY WAS TO
UNCOVER REPRESSED MEMORIES THROUGH FREE
ASSOCIATION AND DREAM ANALYSIS.

“OUR THERAPY WORKS BY TRANSFORMING WHAT IS

UNCONSCIOUS INTO WHAT IS CONSCIOUS, AND IT
WORKS ONLY IN SO FAR AS IT IS IN A POSITION TO
EFFECT THAT TRANSFORMATION”
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 PSYCHOTHERAPY
• FREE ASSOCIATION: PATIENTS ARE REQUIRED TO VERBALIZE EVERY THOUGHT THAT
COMES TO THEIR MIND, NO MATTER HOW IRRELEVANT OR REPUGNANT IT MAY
APPEAR.

• TRANSFERENCE: REFERS TO THE STRING SEXUAL OR AGGRESSIVE FEELINGS,

POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE THAT PATIENTS DEVELOP TOWARD THEIR ANALYST DURING
THE COURSE OF TREATMENT.
• POSITIVE TRANSFERENCE: MAY BE HELPFUL IN THERAPY
• NEGATIVE TRANSFERENCE: IN THE FORM OF HOSTILITY MUST BE RECOGNIZED BY THE
THERAPIST AND EXPLAINED TO PATIENTS SO THAT THEY CAN OVERCOME ANY RESISTANCE TO
TREATMENT

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 PSYCHOTHERAPY
• RESISTANCE: WHICH REFERS TO VARIETY OF UNCONSCIOUS
RESPONSES USED BY PATIENTS TO BLOCK THEIR OWN PROGRESS IN
THERAPY, CAN BE A POSITIVE SIGN BECAUSE IT INDICATES THAT
THERAPY HAS ADVANCED BEYOND SUPERFICIAL MATERIAL.
• IDEALLY, WHEN ANALYTIC TREATMENT IS SUCCESSFUL, PATIENTS
NO LONGER SUFFER FROM DEBILITATING SYMPTOMS, THEY USE
THEIR PSYCHIC ENERGY TO PERFORM EGO FUNCTIONS, AND THEY
HAVE AN EXPANDED EGO THAT INCLUDES PREVIOUSLY REPRESSED
EXPERIENCES.

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 DREAM ANALYSIS

• FREUD USED DREAM ANALYSIS TO TRANSFORM THE MANIFEST

CONTENT DREAMS TO THE MORE IMPORTANT LATENT CONTENT
• MANIFEST CONTENT: SURFACE MEANING OR THE CONSCIOUS
DESCRIPTION GIVEN BYA THE DREAMER
• LATENT CONTENT: THE UNCONSCIOUS MATERIAL

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FREUDIAN SLIPS
• FREUD BELIEVED THAT MANY EVERYDAY
SLIPS OF THE TONGUE OR PEN,
MISREADING, INCORRECT HEARING,
MISPLACING OBJECTS, AND
TEMPORARILY FORGETTING NAMES OR
INTENTIONS ARE NOT CHANCE
ACCIDENTS BUT REVEAL A PERSON’S
UNCONSCIOUS INTENTIONS.

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CONCEPT OF HUMANITY

DETERMINIST PESSISMIST CAUSAL

UNIQUENESS/
UNCONSCIOUS BIOLOGICAL SIMILARITY (MIDDLE
GROUND)

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QUIZ NEXT WEEK.

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SIGMUND FREUD
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

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