Third Edition

MECHANICS OF

4
CHAPTER

MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
Pure Bending
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University

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Pure Bending
Pure Bending Example 4.03
Other Loading Types Reinforced Concrete Beams
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending Sample Problem 4.4
Bending Deformations Stress Concentrations
Strain Due to Bending Plastic Deformations
Beam Section Properties Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material
Properties of American Standard Shapes Plastic Deformations of Members With a Single
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section Plane of S...
Sample Problem 4.2 Residual Stresses
Bending of Members Made of Several Material Example 4.05, 4.06
s Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry
Example 4.03 Example 4.07
Reinforced Concrete Beams Sample Problem 4.8
Sample Problem 4.4 Unsymmetric Bending
Stress Concentrations Example 4.08
Plastic Deformations General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading
Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material

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Pure Bending

Pure Bending: Prismatic members

subjected to equal and opposite couples
acting in the same longitudinal plane

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Other Loading Types

• Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which

does not pass through section centroid
produces internal forces equivalent to an
axial force and a couple

• Transverse Loading: Concentrated or

distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear
force and a couple

• Principle of Superposition: The normal

stress due to pure bending may be
combined with the normal stress due to
axial loading and shear stress due to
shear loading to find the complete state
of stress.
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Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

• Internal forces in any cross section are
equivalent to a couple. The moment of the
couple is the section bending moment.
• From statics, a couple M consists of two equal
and opposite forces.
• The sum of the components of the forces in any
direction is zero.
• The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and
zero about any axis contained in the plane.
• These requirements may be applied to the sums
of the components and moments of the
statically indeterminate elementary internal
forces.
Fx    x dA  0
M y   z x dA  0
M z    y x dA  M

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Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending:
• member remains symmetric

• bends uniformly to form a circular arc

• cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
• length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
• a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change
• stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
below it
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Strain Due to Bending

Consider a beam segment of length L.
After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,
L    y 
  L  L    y      y
 y y
x    (strain varies linearly)
L  
c c
m  or ρ
 m
y
 x   m
c

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Stress Due to Bending

• For a linearly elastic material,
y
 x  E x   E m
c
y
   m (stress varies linearly)
c

• For static equilibrium,

• For static equilibrium,
y
Fx  0    x dA     m dA  y 
c M    y x dA    y   m  dA
 c 

0   m  y dA   I
c M  m  y 2 dA  m
c c
First moment with respect to neutral Mc M
plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral m  
I S
surface must pass through the
y
section centroid. Substituting  x    m
c
My
x  
I
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Beam Section Properties

• The maximum normal stress due to bending,
Mc M
m  
I S
I  section moment of inertia
I
S   section modulus
c
A beam section with a larger section modulus
will have a lower maximum stress
• Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
1 3
I 12 bh
S   16 bh3  16 Ah
c h2

Between two beams with the same cross

sectional area, the beam with the greater depth
will be more effective in resisting bending.
• Structural steel beams are designed to have a
large section modulus.
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Properties of American Standard Shapes

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Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

• Deformation due to bending moment M is
quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface
1 m  m 1 Mc
  
 c Ec Ec I
M

EI

• Although cross sectional planes remain planar

when subjected to bending moments, in-plane
deformations are nonzero,
y y
 y   x   z   x 
 
• Expansion above the neutral surface and
contraction below it cause an in-plane
curvature,
1 
  anticlastic curvature
 

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Sample Problem 4.2

SOLUTION:
• Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
Y 
 yA
A

I x   I  A d 2 
• Apply the elastic flexural formula to
find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.
Mc
m 
I
A cast-iron machine part is acted upon
by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = • Calculate the curvature
165 GPa and neglecting the effects of 1 M

fillets, determine (a) the maximum  EI
tensile and compressive stresses, (b)
the radius of curvature.
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Sample Problem 4.2

SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.
Area, mm2 y , mm yA, mm3
1 20  90  1800 50 90 103
2 40  30  1200 20 24 103
3
 A  3000  yA  114 10

3
 yA 114  10
Y    38 mm
A 3000

  
I x   I  A d 2   12
1 bh3  A d 2 
 
1 90  203  1800 122  1 30  403  1200 182
 12 12

I  868 103 mm  86810-9 m 4

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Sample Problem 4.2

• Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
m 
I
M c A 3 kN  m  0.022 m  A  76.0 MPa
A  
I 868 109 mm4
M cB 3 kN  m  0.038 m
B     B  131.3 MPa
I 868109 mm4

• Calculate the curvature

1 M

 EI
3 kN  m 1
  20.95 103 m -1
165 GPa 86810-9 m 4  
  47.7 m

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Bending of Members Made of Several Materials

• Consider a composite beam formed from
two materials with E1 and E2.
• Normal strain varies linearly.
y
x  

• Piecewise linear normal stress variation.
E1 y E2 y
 1  E1 x    2  E2 x  
 
Neutral axis does not pass through
section centroid of composite section.
• Elemental forces on the section are
Ey E y
dF1   1dA   1 dA dF2   2 dA   2 dA
 
My
x   • Define a transformed section such that
I
1   x  2  n x dF2  
nE1 y dA   E1 y n dA E
n 2
  E1

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Example 4.03
SOLUTION:
• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross
section made entirely of brass

• Evaluate the cross sectional properties

of the transformed section

• Calculate the maximum stress in the

Bar is made from bonded pieces of
steel (Es = 29x106 psi) and brass
(Eb = 15x106 psi). Determine the
maximum stress in the steel and
brass when a moment of 40 kip*in
is applied.
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transformed section. This is the correct
maximum stress for the brass pieces of
the bar.
• Determine the maximum stress in the
steel portion of the bar by multiplying
the maximum stress for the transformed
section by the ratio of the moduli of
elasticity.
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Example 4.03
SOLUTION:
• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section
made entirely of brass.
Es 29 106 psi
n   1.933
Eb 15 106 psi
bT  0.4 in  1.933 0.75 in  0.4 in  2.25 in

• Evaluate the transformed cross sectional properties

1 b h3  1 2.25 in.3 in 3
I  12 T 12
 5.063 in 4
• Calculate the maximum stresses
Mc 40 kip  in 1.5 in 
m   4
 11.85 ksi
I 5.063in

 b max   m  b max  11.85 ksi

 s max  n m  1.93311.85 ksi  s max  22.9 ksi

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Reinforced Concrete Beams

• Concrete beams subjected to bending moments are
reinforced by steel rods.
• The steel rods carry the entire tensile load below
the neutral surface. The upper part of the
concrete beam carries the compressive load.
• In the transformed section, the cross sectional area
of the steel, As, is replaced by the equivalent area
nAs where n = Es/Ec.
• To determine the location of the neutral axis,
bx x  n As d  x   0
2
1 b x2  n As x  n As d  0
2

• The normal stress in the concrete and steel

My
x  
I
c   x  s  n x

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Sample Problem 4.4

SOLUTION:
• Transform to a section made entirely
of concrete.

• Evaluate geometric properties of

transformed section.

• Calculate the maximum stresses

in the concrete and steel.

A concrete floor slab is reinforced with

5/8-in-diameter steel rods. The modulus
of elasticity is 29x106psi for steel and
3.6x106psi for concrete. With an applied
bending moment of 40 kip*in for 1-ft
width of the slab, determine the maximum
stress in the concrete and steel.

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Sample Problem 4.4

SOLUTION:
• Transform to a section made entirely of concrete.
Es 29  106 psi
n   8.06
Ec 3.6  106 psi

 2
nAs  8.06  24 85 in   4.95 in 2
 

• Evaluate the geometric properties of the

transformed section.
 x
12 x   4.954  x   0 x  1.450in
 2
 
I  13 12 in 1.45 in 3  4.95 in 2 2.55 in 2  44.4 in 4

• Calculate the maximum stresses.

Mc1 40 kip  in 1.45in
c    c  1.306 ksi
I 44.4in 4
Mc 40 kip  in  2.55 in
 s  n 2  8.06  s  18.52 ksi
I 44.4in 4

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Stress Concentrations

Stress concentrations may occur: Mc

m  K
I
• in the vicinity of points where the
loads are applied

• in the vicinity of abrupt changes

in cross section
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Plastic Deformations
• For any member subjected to pure bending
y
 x   m strain varies linearly across the
c
section
• If the member is made of a linearly elastic material,
the neutral axis passes through the section centroid
My
and x  
I
• For a material with a nonlinear stress-strain curve,
the neutral axis location is found by satisfying
Fx    x dA  0 M    y x dA

• For a member with vertical and horizontal planes of

symmetry and a material with the same tensile and
compressive stress-strain relationship, the neutral
axis is located at the section centroid and the stress-
strain relationship may be used to map the strain
distribution from the stress distribution.
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Plastic Deformations
• When the maximum stress is equal to the ultimate
strength of the material, failure occurs and the
corresponding moment MU is referred to as the
ultimate bending moment.

• The modulus of rupture in bending, RB, is found

from an experimentally determined value of MU
and a fictitious linear stress distribution.
MU c
RB 
I

• RB may be used to determine MU of any member

made of the same material and with the same
cross sectional shape but different dimensions.

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