THE MOLE CONCEPT

A mole is the amount of substance

which contains the Avogadro Number of
particles.
The Avogadro number is equivalent to
6.022 x1023/mole.
The particles could be atoms,
molecules, ions or electrons.
• 1 mole of a substance is equivalent to its
molecular mass. i.e
• 1 mole of C atoms is equal to 12g
• 1 mole of oxygen molecules is equal to 32g
• 1 mole of Ca2+ ions is equal to 40g
• 1 mole of water molecules (H2O) is equal
to 18g
• 1 mole of carbon dioxide (CO2) molecules is
equal to 44g
One mole of a substance contains the
Avogadro number of particles .i.e

•1 mole of C atoms (12g) contains 6.022 x 1023

atoms.
•1 mole of Ca2+ (40g) contains 6.022 x 1023 ions.
•1 mole of Cl2 (71g)contains 6.022x1023molecules.
 •1 mole of CaCO3 contains 1mole of
Calcium atoms + 1 mole of C atoms +
and 3 moles of Oxygen atoms.
•2 moles of Calcium carbonate contains
2 moles of calcium atoms+ 2 moles of C
atoms+ 6 moles of Oxygen atoms.
 RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS
Relative atomic mass is the average mass of
the isotopes of an element compared to the
mass of carbon-12.
The masses of atoms, molecules and ions are
too small to be measured and are only
compared to each other on the atomic mass
scale.
• Many elements are made
up of isotopes.
• Hence the relative atomic
mass is the average mass of
the isotopes of the element.
 Example
The element chlorine is made up of 75% chlorine-
35 and 25% chlorine- 37.
 
Ar = % x mass of first isotope + % x mass of
second isotope
= 75/100 x 35 + 25/100 x 37
= 26.25 + 9.25
= 35.5
The number has no unit.
 RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS
•Relative molecula,Mr, mass is the
average mass of a compound compared
to the mass of carbon – 12.
•It has no unit.
•It is found by adding the relative atomic
masses of the elements in the formula
of the compound.
 Examples
Mr(CO2) = 12 + 16 x2
= 44
Mr (H2O) = 1 x2 + 16
= 18
Exercise
Find the relative molecular(formula) masses of the
following compounds
a) NaOH b) NaCl c) CaCO3 d) ZnCO3 e)
NH4NO3 f) (NH4)2SO4 g) CaCl2 h) KOH
 MOLAR MASS(MM)
• Molar mass is the mass of one
mole of a compound.
• It is the relative atomic mass or the
relative molecular mass expressed in
grams.
•It is worked out from the correct
formula of the compound.
 EXAMPLES
COMPOUND Mr mm
NaOH 40 40g/mol
H2SO4 98 98g/mol
HCl 36.5 36.5g/mol
(NH4)2SO4 132 132g/mol
KOH 56 56g/mol
 HOW TO CHANGE GRAMS INTO MOLES
AND VICE- VERSA
 

Formula

Number of moles = mass

Molar mass

n = m
mm
 
How many moles of calcium carbonate
are present in 10g of the compound?
n =m
mm

= 10g
100g/mol

= 0.1 moles
 EXERCISE
 
1 How many moles are in 20g of Fe2O3

2 Find the mass in grams of

• 3 moles of oxygen atoms

• 0.005 moles of ammonium hydroxide

 CONCENTRATION
 

• Concentration is the measure

of how much solute is dissolved
in a given volume of solution.
• Concentration is expressed by
the following formulas: 
• Concentration = mass(g)
Volume(dm3)
  C = M
V
Unit = g/dm3
• Concentration = moles(mol)
Volume(dm3)
  C = n
V
Unit = mol/dm3
• Whenever concentration is expressed as
mol/dm3 its name changes to molarity.
• Molarity is the number of moles of a solute
in 1dm3 of solution.
 
1M ( read as 1molar)= 1mol/dm3
2M(read as 2 molar) = 2mol/dm3
These mean in 1dm3 of solution there is
1mole, and in 1dm3 of solution there are 2
moles.
 Example
Express the following in g/dm3
2g of calcium chloride in16 cm 3

=2g
0.016dm3 

= 125g/dm3
Exercise  
Express the following in g/dm3
1 2.5g in 100cm3 solution
2 25g in 5dm3 solution
3 10 moles of NaOH in 500cm3 solution
4 0.25 moles (NH4)3PO4 in 250 cm3 solution
 Exercise
 
1 Calculate the concentration of the
following in mol/dm3
a) 2 moles of 5dm3 sulphuric acid
b) 0.025 moles of 250cm3 ammonium
hydroxide
c) 25g of ammonium nitrate in
100cm3.
2 How many moles are there
in the following?
a) 500cm of 1.5M sodium
3

chloride
b) 1dm3 of 0.2M potassium
hydroxide
3 Find the mass of the following:
a) 250cm of 0.1M sodium
3

hydroxide
b) 200cm of 1M hydrochloric
3

acid
c) 100cm3 of 0.2M potassium
hydroxide
 AVOGADRO S LAW
. ’

•The law states that equal

volumes of all gases at the same
temperature and pressure have
the same number of molecules.
•This means we can change
statements expressing volumes
to statements expressing moles.
 EXAMPLE

2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)

Read as: 2moles + 1 mole 2 moles
Read as: 2vol + 1 vol 2vol
 WHEN TO USE THE AVOGADRO CONSTANT
The Avogadro constant is only used to find the
number of particles. ie
How many atoms are there in 3moles of a
substance? 
1 mole → 6.0 x 1023
3 moles → X 
X = 3 x 6.0 x 1023
= 1 .8 x 1024atoms
N = n X NA
 Where N = number of particles
NA =Avogadro’s constant
N = number of moles

1 How many molecules are in 5 moles of

F2 gas
2 How many moles contain 3.6 x 1023
atoms of sodium?
 MOLAR VOLUME
• Molar volume is the volume
occupied by one mole of a gas.
• It is 24dm3 at room
temperature and pressure(r.t.p),
and 22.4dm3 at standard
temperature and pressure(s.t.p)
 This means
• In 24dm3 of O2,
24dm3 H2,

24dm3CO2.

24dm3 SO2,

24dm3 NH3 ,
there is 1 mole of gas, and 6.0 x 1023 molecules
of gas
• or 10 dm 3
of O2 ,
10 dm3 of H2 ,
10dm3 of SO2 ,
10 dm3 of NH3,
All have the same number of
moles, and the same number of
molecules.
 That is
24 dm3 of gas → 1 mole
10 dm3 of gas → X
X = 10 dm3
24 dm3
= 0.42 moles

no of moles: Volume of gas

Molar volume

n = V
Vm

Number of molecules = 0.42 X 6.0 x 1023

= 2.52 x 1023 molecules
Calculations using the molar volume.
How many moles of oxygen are there in
20dm3 of gas measured at room
temperature and pressure?
 
Moles(n) = volume of gas
Molar volume
= 20dm3
24dm3
= 0.83moles
What volume is occupied by 0.05moles
of chlorine measured at room
temperature and pressure?
 
Volume of gas = moles x molar volume

= 0.05 x 24dm3

= 1.2dm3
 Exercise
1 How many moles are there in
500cm of CO2 measured at
3

room temperature and pressure?

2 Find the volume occupied by
2.5moles of CO2 measured at
room temperature and pressure?
 CALCULATIONS INVOLVING TITRATION
REACTIONS
Titration is the determination of
the concentration of a solution by
adding one solution to another.
APPARATUS

burette

Acid

Conical flask
Alkali plus drops of
indicator
• The acid or any other solution is
placed in the burette and the alkali
plus drops of suitable indicator or
another solution is placed in the
conical flask.
• The acid or solution is added to the
conical flask until there is a colour
change inside the conical flask.
• The point at which the indicator
changes colour is called END-
POINT. At this point, the
reaction in the flask between the
two reactants has stopped.
• The titration is stopped.
Acid- base titration reactions are done using
the following expression.
n =c x v
Where n = number of moles
c = concentration in mol/dm3
v = volume in dm3
nB = c B x v B nA = cA x vA
 mole ratio of base to acid:
n B = cB x v B
nA c A x vA
where
nB = moles of base (alkali)
cB = concentration of base(alkali)
vB = volume of base(alkali)
nA = moles of acid
cA = concentration of acid
vA = volume of acid
Example
Calculate the volume of sodium
hydroxide solution required to
neutralize 24.5cm3 of a 0.5mol/dm3
sulphuric acid given that the
concentration of sodium hydroxide is
1.5mol/dm3
Equation:
2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
nB = moles of base = 2
cB = concentration of base = 1.5mol/dm3
vB = volume of base = VB
nA = moles of acid = 1
cA = concentration of acid = 0.5mol/dm3
vA = volume of acid = 24.5cm3 ( 0.0245dm3 )
 1.5 x VB = 2
0.5 x 0.0245 1
 
VB = 2 x 0.5 x 0.0245
1.5
= 0.0163dm3

=
16.3cm3
 .

Exercise
1. 25cm3 of 0.05mol/dm3
sodium hydroxide reacts with
22.0cm3 sulphuric acid. Find the
concentration of sulphuric acid in
mol/dm .
3
2 25cm3 of a solution of sulphuric
acid required 27cm3 of
0.1mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide for
complete neutralization.
What is the concentration of the
acid in mol/dm3
3 What volume of
0.500mol/dm sodium
3

hydroxide is needed to
neutralise 22.5cm3 of
0.262mol/dm of sulphuric
3

acid?
4 What volume of
0.5mol/dm sodium
3

hydroxide is needed to
neutralise 25.0cm of
3

0.2mol/dm nitric acid?

3
5 0.4mol/dm of sodium
3

hydroxide were made to

react completely with
50cm of 0.1mol/dm
3 3

sulphuric acid.
What was the volume of
sodium hydroxide used?
CALCULATING CONCENTRATION, VOLUMES
AND MASSES OF SOLUTIONS

1 What mass of anhydrous

copper(II) sulphate must be
dissolved in water to prepare
500cm3 of 0.2mol/dm3
copper(II) sulphate solution?
 SOLUTION
n = CXV
= 0.5 dm3 x 0.2mol/ dm3
= 0.1mol

M = n x mm
= 0.1mol x 160g/mol
= 16g
2Calculate the mass of solute in 500cm3 of
1.00mol/dm3 CaCl2
n = cxv
= 0.5 x 1
= 0.5 mol
m = n x mm
= 0.5 x 111
= 55.5g
3 What is the concentration in
mol/dm of solution containing
3

12g of lithium hydroxide dissolved

in 200cm3 of water?
 SOLUTION
n = M
MM
= 12g
24g/mol
= 0.5mol
C = n
V
= 0.5mol
0.2 dm3
= 2.5mol/ dm3
4 What is the concentration of
iodine molecules,I2, in a solution
containing 2.54g of iodine in
250cm of solution?
3
5 What volume of 0.100mol/dm3
nitric acid contains 31.5g of pure
nitric acid?
6 A sodium hydroxide solution has a
molarity of 0.2mol/dm3.
What is its concentration in g/dm3?

7 What volume of 1.0mol/dm3 of

nitric acid would neutralize 20cm3
of 1.0mol/dm3 of sodium
hydroxide?
8 What mass of sodium
carbonate, Na2CO3 is present in
100cm3 of a 1mol/dm3 solution
of sodium carbonate?
9 What is the concentration of
0.53g of sodium carbonate in
100cm3 solution in mol/dm3 .
 CALCULATIONS INVOLVING REACTING MASSES
OF SOLIDS,AND VOLUMES OF LIQUIDS AND GASES
1 Calcium hydrogen carbonate
decomposes when heated according to
the equation:
Ca(HCO3)2 → CaCO3 +H2O + CO2
Calculate the mass of calcium carbonate
formed from 16.2g of calcium hydrogen
carbonate.
 SOLUTION
mass of Ca(HCO3)2 = 40+(1+12+16x3)2
= 162g
Mass of CaCO3 = 40 + 12+ 16 x 3
= 100g
162g Ca(HCO3)2 → 100g CaCO3
16.2g Ca(HCO3)2 → x
X = 100g x 16.2g
162g
= 10g
2 When 0.1g of magnesium is
treated with an excess of dilute
hydrochloric acid, what volume of
gas at room temperature and
pressure will be produced?
 SOLUTION
Equation
Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2
24g Mg → 24dm3 H2
0.1 Mg → X

X = 0.1g x 24dm3
24g
= 0.1dm3
= 100cm3
Or Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2
moles Mg = 0.1g
24g
= 0.00417mol
1 mol Mg → 24dm3 H2
0.00417mol Mg → X
X = 0.00417mol x 24dm3
1 mol
= 0.10008 dm3
= 100.08cm3
3 Calculate the mass of zinc that
would be required to produce
1.2dm3 of hydrogen gas at r.t.p
when all the zinc completely
reacts with hydrochloric acid.
4 What is the mass of
magnesium which
completely reacts with
250cm of 1.0mol/dm of
3 3

sulphuric acid?
5 The chemical equation for the
neutralization of sulphuric acid is
given below:
Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 +2H2O
Calculate the mass of slaked
lime(calcium hydroxide) needed to
neutralise 9.8tonnes of sulphuric
acid
calculations INVOLVING REACTING MASSES OF SOLIDS AND
VOLUMES OF LIQUIDS AND GASES
 

Example
 

1 What mass of aluminium, Al is required to produce 1000g of iron, Fe,

according to the equation.
 

3Fe3O4 + 8Al → 4Al2O3 + 9Fe

 

Mass of Al = 8 x 27 = 216g mass of Fe = 9 x 56 = 504g

216g Al → 504g Fe
 

X → 1000g Fe
 

X = 216 x 1000
504
= 428g
2 What mass of aluminium
oxide,Al2O3 is formed from
the complete combustion of
5.4g of aluminium metal in
air?
4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3
3 Study the equation below.
Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
Calculate the mass of sodium chloride
produced by the reaction of 5.3g of
sodium carbonate with hydrochloric acid.
4 Limestone,CaCO3 decomposes
into lime, CaO according to the
equation:
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
What mass of limestone would
produce 11.2g of lime (CaO)?
5 Lead(II) nitrate reacts with potassium
iodide according to the equation:
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI2(s) +
2KNO3(aq)
What mass of lead(II) iodide will be
formed when 16.6g of potassium
iodide reacts with excess lead(II)
nitrate?
 PERCENTAGE YIELD
• Percentage yield deals with calculations of
products obtained from limiting reactants.
• It is given by the expression:

% yield = Practical yield (actual yield) x 100

Theoretical yield (expected yield)
• In a chemical reaction, there is a limiting
reactant and a reactant which is in excess.
• A Limiting reactant is the reactant which reacts
completely.
• Actual yield is the amount of product
obtained at the end of an experiment. It
also called the Experimental yield.
• Theoretical yield is the amount of product
calculated theoretically from the balanced
equation when all the limiting reactants
have reacted. It is also called the Expected
yield.
 EXAMPLE
50cm3 of 0.105mol/dm3 of calcium chloride was
treated with an excess of silver nitrate. 1.45g of
Silver chloride was formed. What was the
percentage yield?
Equation
CaCl2(aq)+2AgNO3(aq) → Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2AgCl(s)
AgNO3 is in excess
CaCl2 was the limiting reactant
 n of CaCl2 =cxv
= 0.105 x 50
1000
= 0.00525mol
from equation mole ratio: CaCl2 : AgCl
1mol → 2 mol
0.00525mol → X
X = 0.00525 x 2
= 0.0105mol AgCl
Mass of AgCl = 0.0105 x 143
= 1. 507 g of AgCl(theoretical yield)

% yield = 1.45g x 100

1.57g
= 96.2%
EXAMPLE
Calculate the percentage yield of
MgO produced when 60g of Mg
is completely burnt in oxygen,
given that the mass of MgO
produced is 16.8g.
 Equation

• 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
n = m
mm
Mols of Mg = 60g
24g/mol
= 2.5mol
From equation, mol ratio Mg: MgO
2→ 2
2.5 → X
X = 2 x 2.5
2
= 2.5mol of MgO
mass of MgO produced = 2.5 x 40
= 100g(theoretical yield)
percentage yield = 16.8g x 100
100g
= 16.8%
 Example
5.0g of calcium carbonate was reacted with
40cm3 of 2.75mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid
according to the equation.
 
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
If 1.15dm3 of CO2 gas at r.t.p was collected:
i) State the practical yield
= 1.15dm3
ii)State which reactant was in excess?

Moles of CaCO3 = 5g
100g/mol

= 0.05 mol

Mol HCl = 40cm3 x 2.75mol/dm3

1000cm3

= 0.11mol
From equation,
1mol of CaCO3 → 2 mol of HCl
0.05 mol of CaCO3 → X
X = 0.05 x 2
= 0.10 mol of HCl
Initial moles of HCl = 0.11
Reacted moles of HCl = 0.10
HCl was in excess by 0.11- 0.10= 0.01mol
 iii) Limiting reactant was calcium carbonate
because everything reacted
iV) Calculate the theoretical yield(using limiting
reactant)
1mol of CaCO3 → 1 mole of CO2
0.05 mol of CaCO3 → X

X = 0.05 mol of CO2

Volume of CO2(theoretical yield)
= 0.05 x 24dm3
= 1.2dm3
v) %yield =1.15 x 100
1.2
= 95.7%
 Exercise
A student reacted 2.0g of calcium
carbonate with 50cm3of 2M nitric acid.
0.28dm3 of carbon dioxide was collected
at r.t.p.
a) Find the number of moles of nitric
acid
b) Find the number of moles of calcium
carbonate
c) Which reactant was in
excess
d) Which reactant was the
limiting reactant
e) Find the theoretical yield
f) Find the percentage yield
 PERCENTAGE PURITY

% purity = mass of pure substance x 100

Mass of impure sample
Example
10g of calcium carbonate was reacted
with an excess of hydrochloric acid.
225cm3 was collected at room
temperature and pressure
according to the equation.
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
a) Find the mass of the pure
calcium carbonate in the sample.
1 mole of CaCO3 → 1 mole of CO2
 
Moles of CO2 = 225 = 0.09375
24000
Moles of CaCO3 = 0.09375
Mass of CaCO3 = 0.09375 x 100
= 9.375g
b) Find the %purity =9.375 x 100
10
= 93.8%
 Exercise
A 10g sample of impure
magnesium carbonate was
reacted with an excess of
hydrochloric acid according to the
equation:
MgCO3 +2HCl → MgCl2+H2O +CO2
1250cm of CO2 was collected
3

at r.t.p.
a) Find the mass of the pure
magnesium carbonate
b) Find the percentage
purity.
 WATER OF CRYSTALLISATION
• Water of crystallisation is the
definite(fixed)amount of water a
compound needs to form a crystal.
• A hydrated salt is one which contains water
of crystallisation.
• An anhydrous salt is a salt which does not
contain water of crystallisation
 EXAMPLES
NAME HYDRATED ANHYDROUS
• Sodium carbonate decahydrate Na2CO3.10H2O Na2CO3
• Copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate CuSO4.5H2O CuSO4
• Calcium nitrate hexahydrate Ca(NO3)2.6H2O Ca(NO3)2
• Zinc sulphate heptahydrate ZnSO4.7H2O ZnSO4
• DELIQUESCENCE
• Deliquescence is the process in which a solid
absorbs water from the air and forms a solution.
Such solids are said to be deliquescent.
Examples
• Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
• Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
• HYGROSCOPY
• Hygroscopy is the process in which a substance
absorbs moisture from the air. Such substances
are said to be hygroscopic.
Examples
• Concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
• Silicon dioxide (SiO2)
• Calcium oxide (CaO)
• Calcium chloride (CaCl2)
• EFFLORESCENCE
• Efflorescence is a process in which water of crystallization
is lost into the atmosphere. Substances which lose water
to the atmosphere are said to be EFFLORESCENT.
Examples
• Sodium carbonate decahydrate
Na2CO3.10H2O
• Copper(II) sulphatepentahydrate
CuSO 4.5H2O
• Iron(II) sulphateheptahydrate
FeSO4.7H2O
• Sodiumsulphate decahydrate
Na 2SO4.10H2O
• Sodium carbonate decahydrate loses 9 moles of
water when exposed to heat and forms sodium
carbonate monohydrate.
• Na2CO3.10H2O → Na2CO3.H2O + 9H2O
• The terms hydrated and anhydrous mean
containing water and without water respectively.
• Hygroscopic substances are used as drying
agents.
Examples
• Drying agent gas
Concentrated sulphuric acid all except ammonia

Calcium oxide ammonia

Silica (Silicon dioxide) all gases
Calcium chloride all except ammonia
Phosphorus (V) oxide all except ammonia
 PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
Percentage composition expresses the mass of
each element as a percentage of the total
mass of the atoms present in a compound.

% = Total number of atoms of

the element x Ar of element x 100 Relative
molecular(formula) mass of compound
Calculate the percentage composition of
NaOH
Mr(NaOH) = 40
%Na = 23 x 100 = 57.5%
40
%O = 16 x 100 = 40%
40
%H = 1 x 100 = 2.5%
40
 Exercise
Find the percentage composition of the
following compounds.
a) (NH4)2SO4
b) Pb(NO3)2
c) H2SO4
d) K2Cr2O7
e) CuSO4.5H2O
 EMPIRICAL(SIMPLEST FORMULA)
Empirical formula is a formula which shows
the lowest ratio of the different atoms in a
compound .
 
Example
 
Find the empirical formula of a compound
with composition of 80% copper and 20%
sulphur.
 Atoms Cu S
 
No of moles 80 20
64 32
= 1.25 =0.625
 Divide by the smallest 1.25 0.625
0.625 0.625
=2 =1
E.F Cu2 S
 Exercise
Find the empirical formula of the
following compounds with the following
composition:
a)29.4% calcium, 23.5% sulphur and
47.7% oxygen
b) 75% carbon and 25% hydrogen
 MOLECULAR FORMULA
Molecular formula is a formula which
shows the actual number of each kind of
atom in a compound . 
Example
A hydrocarbon which consists of 85%
carbon and 15% hydrogen has molecular
mass of 42. Find its molecular formula.
  
Atoms C H
 
No of moles 85 15
12 1
=7.1 =15
Divide by the smallest 7.1 15
7.1 7.1
=1 =2
E.F CH2
n x empirical mass = molecular mass
n(CH2) = 42
n(12+2) = 42
14n = 42
14 14
n = 3
M.F = 3(CH2)
= C3H6
 Exercise
1 A compound contains 80%
carbon and 20% hydrogen. Its Mr is
30.Find its molecular formula.
2 A compound contains 34.5% iron
and 65.5% chlorine. Its molecular
mass is 325.Find its molecular
formula.
3 Magnesium oxide contains 2.4g
magnesium and 1.6g oxygen. What
is its empirical formula?
4 A compound contains 4.14g
Lead and 3.2g bromine. What is its
empirical formula?
5 Octane is a hydrocarbon. It is
84.15% carbon and 15.85 hydrogen.
Its Mr is 114. What is its molecular
formula?
6 When 4.0g of an element X were
reduced, 3.2g of X were obtained.
What is the simplest formula of the
oxide of X if the relative atomic mass
is 64.
7 An 18.3g sample of a hydrated
compound contained 4.0g of
cacium,7.1g of chlorine and 7.2g
of water only. Calculate its
empirical formula.
 DETERMINATION OF WATER OF CRYSTALISATION
Examples
Some zinc sulphate crystals were
heated to constant mass. The mass of
the zinc sulphate crystals was
5.74g.The mass of the anhydrous zinc
sulphate was 3.22g.Find the value of x
in the formula ZnSO4.XH2O.
  
ZnSO4.XH2O → ZnSO4 + XH2O
5.74g3.22g 2.52g
No of Moles 3.22 2.52
161  18

=0.02 =0.14 

Mol ratio 0.02 0.14

0.02 0.02
=1 =7

X= 7
Formula:ZnSO4 .7H2O
 
• Washing soda are crystals of hydrated
sodium carbonate,Na2CO3.xH2O.
• The value of x can be determined by
titration.
• In the experiment 2g of hydrated
sodium carbonate neutralized 14cm3 of a
standard 1m hydrochloric acid.
 
a) Write a balanced chemical
equation of the reaction.
Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
b) How many moles of hydrochloric
acid were neutralized?
n = 14 x 1 = 0.014 moles
1000
c) How many moles of
sodiumcarbonate,Na2CO3 were in 2g of
the hydrated salt?
1mole of Na2CO3 → 2moes HCl
X → 0.014 moles
X = 0.014
2
= 0.007moles of Na2CO3
d) What mass of sodium
carbonate is this?
Mass = n x mm
= 0.007 x 106
= 0.742g
e) What mass of the hydrated
sodium carbonate was water?
Mass of water = 2 – 0.742
= 1.258g
f) How many moles of water is this?
1.258
18
= 0.06989moles
g) How many moles of water are there in one
mole of Na2CO3.xH2O?
  Na2CO3 xH2O
Mole ratio 0.007 0.06989
0.007 0.06989
0.007 0.007
=1 =9.98
X = 10
h) Formula : Na2CO3.10H2O
 Exercise
10.7g of a sample of rust Fe2O3.xH2O, was strongly
heated to remove the water and 8.0g of iron(III)
oxide, Fe2O3 was obtained. Determine the value of x
in the formula.
Copper(II) nitrate contains water of crystallization
and the full formula of the salt is of the type
Cu(NO3)2.xH2O.
1 mole of Cu(NO3)2.xH2O will produce 1 mole of
CuO. The following experiment was carried out to
find x.
A 5.92g sample of the salt Cu(NO3)2.xH2O was
heated to leave 1,60g of copper(II) oxide.
a) What is meant by one mole of a substance?
b) How many moles of CuO are there in 1.60g of
copper(II) oxide?
c) How many moles of Cu(NO3)2.xH2O are there in
5.92g of hydrated copper(II) nitrate?
d) Calculate the mass of one mole of
Cu(NO3)2.xH2O?
e) The mass of one mole of Cu(NO3)2 is 188g.Find
the value of X.
0.1mol of XSO4 combines with 5.4g of
water to form the compound
XSO4.nH2O.What is the value of n?