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Mole Concept (Autosaved)
Mole Concept (Autosaved)
COMPOUND Mr mm
NaOH 40 40g/mol
H2SO4 98 98g/mol
HCl 36.5 36.5g/mol
(NH4)2SO4 132 132g/mol
KOH 56 56g/mol
Education for the Real World
HOW TO CHANGE GRAMS INTO MOLES AND VICE- VERSA
Formula
n = m
mm
= 10g
100g/mol
= 0.1 moles
= 125g/dm3
Exercise
Express the following in g/dm3
1 2.5g in 100cm3 solution
2 25g in 5dm3 solution
3 10 moles of NaOH in 500cm3 solution
4 0.25 moles (NH4)3PO4 in 250 cm3 solution
chloride
b) 1dm of 0.2M potassium
3
hydroxide
hydroxide
b) 200cm of 1M hydrochloric
3
acid
c) 100cm3 of 0.2M potassium
hydroxide
Education for the Real World
AVOGADRO’S LAW
• The law states that equal volumes of all gases
at the same temperature and pressure have
the same number of molecules.
• This means we can change statements
expressing volumes to statements expressing
moles.
24dm3CO2.
24dm3 SO2,
24dm3 NH3 ,
there is 1 mole of gas, and 6.0 x 1023
molecules of gas
Education for the Real World
• or 10 dm3 of O2 ,
10 dm of H2 ,
3
10dm3 of SO2 ,
10 dm3 of NH3,
All have the same number of
moles, and the same number of
molecules.
Education for the Real World
That is
24 dm3 of gas → 1 mole
10 dm3 of gas → X
X = 10 dm3
24 dm3
= 0.42 moles
n = V
Vm
= 0.05 x 24dm3
= 1.2dm3
Exercise
1 How many moles are there
in 500cm of CO2 measured at
3
burette
Acid
Conical flask
Alkali plus drops
of indicator
Education for the Real World
• The acid or any other solution is
placed in the burette and the alkali
plus drops of suitable indicator or
another solution is placed in the
conical flask.
• The acid or solution is added to
the conical flask until there is a
colour change inside the conical
flask.
• The point at which the indicator
changes colour is called END-
POINT. At this point, the
reaction in the flask between
the two reactants has stopped.
• The titration is stopped.
=
16.3cm3
.
Exercise
1. 25cm of 0.05mol/dm
3 3
hydroxide is needed to
neutralise 22.5cm of
3
0.262mol/dm of sulphuric
3
acid?
hydroxide is needed to
neutralise 25.0cm of
3
sulphuric acid.
What was the volume of
sodium hydroxide used?
CALCULATING CONCENTRATION, VOLUMES
AND MASSES OF SOLUTIONS
M = n x mm
= 0.1mol x 160g/mol
= 16g
Education for the Real World
2Calculate the mass of solute in 500cm3 of
1.00mol/dm3 CaCl2
n = cxv
= 0.5 x 1
= 0.5 mol
m = n x mm
= 0.5 x 111
= 55.5g
Education for the Real World
3 What is the concentration in
mol/dm of solution containing
3
hydroxide?
Education for the Real World
8 What mass of sodium
carbonate, Na2CO3 is present in
100cm3 of a 1mol/dm3 solution
of sodium carbonate?
9 What is the concentration of
0.53g of sodium carbonate in
100cm solution in mol/dm .
3 3
X = 0.1g x 24dm3
24g
= 0.1dm3
= 100cm3
Education for the Real World
Or Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2
moles Mg = 0.1g
24g
= 0.00417mol
1 mol Mg → 24dm3 H2
0.00417mol Mg → X
X = 0.00417mol x 24dm3
1 mol
= 0.10008 dm3
= 100.08cm3
sulphuric acid?
Example
Moles of CaCO3 = 5g
100g/mol
= 0.05 mol
= 0.11mol
From equation,
1mol of CaCO3 → 2 mol of HCl
0.05 mol of CaCO3 → X
X = 0.05 x 2
= 0.10 mol of HCl
Initial moles of HCl = 0.11
Reacted moles of HCl = 0.10
HCl was in excess by 0.11- 0.10= 0.01mol
Education for the Real World
iii) Limiting reactant was calcium carbonate because everything
reacted
iV) Calculate the theoretical yield(using limiting reactant)
1mol of CaCO3 → 1 mole of CO2
0.05 mol of CaCO3 → X
at r.t.p.
a) Find the mass of the pure
magnesium carbonate
b) Find the percentage
purity.
Education for the Real World
EXAMPLES
NAME HYDRATED ANHYDROUS
• Sodium carbonate decahydrate Na2CO3.10H2O Na2CO3
• Copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate CuSO4.5H2O CuSO4
• Calcium nitrate hexahydrate Ca(NO3)2.6H2O Ca(NO3)2
• Zinc sulphate heptahydrate ZnSO4.7H2O ZnSO4
Examples
1. Some zinc sulphate crystals were
heated to constant mass. The mass
of the zinc sulphate crystals was
5.74g.The mass of the anhydrous
zinc sulphate was 3.22g.Find the
value of x in the formula
ZnSO4.XH2O.
ZnSO4.XH2O → ZnSO4 + XH2O
5.74g 3.22g 2.52g
No of Moles 3.22 2.52
161 18
=0.02 =0.14
X= 7
Formula: ZnSO4 .7H2O
2. Washing soda are crystals of hydrated
sodium carbonate,Na2CO3.xH2O. The
value of x can be determined by titration.
In the experiment 2g of hydrated sodium
carbonate neutralized 14cm3 of a
standard 1M hydrochloric acid.
a) Write a balanced chemical
equation of the reaction.
Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
b) How many moles of
hydrochloric acid were
neutralized?
n = 14 x 1 = 0.014 moles
1000
Education for the Real World
c) How many moles of
sodiumcarbonate,Na2CO3 were in 2g of
the hydrated salt?
1mole of Na2CO3 → 2moles HCl
X → 0.014 moles
X = 0.014
2
= 0.007moles of Na2CO3
d) What mass of sodium
carbonate is this?
Mass = n x mm
= 0.007 x 106
= 0.742g