ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Electromagnetic induction is the production of an e.m.f

(voltage) in a conductor when there is a change in magnetic
flux linked with the conductor.
When a wire is moved across a magnetic field, as shown below,
a small e.m.f. (voltage) is generated in the wire. If the wire
forms part of a complete circuit, the e.m.f. makes a current
flow. This can be detect by using a sensitive meter called
galvanometer.

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When the direction of movement of wire changes the direction of
induced current also changes.
If the wire moves downward, the direction of current carried
is shown below and the deflection of galvanometer need is also
same direction that is right side.

If the wire moves upward, the direction of current carried is

shown below and the deflection of galvanometer need is also
same direction.
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The direction of induced current in the straight wire can be
determined by using Flemings Right Hand Rule.

If the magnetic field direction changes the current direction

also changes.
If the wire is in rest in the magnetic field, no e.m.f is
induced.
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The factors effecting magnitude of induced e.m.f
The induced e.m.f. (and current) can be increased by:
moving the wire faster
using a stronger magnet
increasing the length of wire in magnet in the magnetic field
– for example, by looping the wire through the field several
times as shown below.

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LENZ’S LAW

The direction of induced current can be determined by Lenz’s

law.
An induced current always flows in a direction such away
that its magnetic field opposes the change which produce it.

Example 1
The N-pole of magnet is moving towards the solenoid as shown
in the diagram below.

The change that induces current is the N-pole moving towards the solenoid.
According to Lenz’s Law, the direction of induced current opposes the
change producing it. To oppose the N-pole moving to the coil, the induced
current must produced a N-pole at the end X. Hence the direction of
induced current is as shown.
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Example 2
The N-pole of magnet is moving away from the solenoid as shown in
the diagram below.

The change that induces current is the N-pole moving out the solenoid.
According to Lenz’s Law, the direction of induced current opposes the
change producing it. To oppose the N-pole moving out of the coil, the
induced current must produced a
S-pole at the end X. Hence the direction of induced current is as shown
above.
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EXERCISE

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