CSE 332

  Computer Organization and Architecture   

Lecture 3: Instruction Set Architecture

Tanzilur Rahman (Tnr)
Assistant Professor
North South University
 Instruction Set

To command a computer’s hardware, you must speak its language. The words
of a computer’s language are called instructions, and its vocabulary is called an
instruction set. Instruction set architecture serves as the interface between
hardware and software. It provides the mechanism by which the software tells the
hardware what should be done.

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Instruction Set Architecture

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Instruction Set

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Instruction Set Architecture

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Is the ISA different for different CPU

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RISC vs. CISC

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RISC vs. CISC
MULT 2:3, 5:2

CISC

vs.

RISC
LOAD A, 2:3
LOAD B, 5:2
PROD A, B
STORE 2:3, A 10
RISC vs. CISC

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Instruction Length

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Instruction Length

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How many Operands?

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How many Operands?

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How many Operands?

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How many Operands?

Burroughs 6500, 7500

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How many Operands?

Intel 8080, 18

PDP-8
How many Operands?

PC
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How many Operands?

Load R1, A

Add R1, R1, B

Store C, R1

PC
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Comparing No. of Instructions

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Typical Instructions

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Typical Addressing Modes

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Instruction Set

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 MIPS Instruction Formats

R
Type
I Type

J Type

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Accessing the operands

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Instruction Set

Register
Conventional Name Usage
Number
$0 $zero Hard-wired to 0
$1 $at Reserved for pseudo-instructions
$2 - $3 $v0, $v1 Return values from functions
Arguments to functions - not preserved by
$4 - $7 $a0 - $a3
subprograms
$8 - $15 $t0 - $t7 Temporary data, not preserved by subprograms
$16 - $23 $s0 - $s7 Saved registers, preserved by subprograms
More temporary registers, not preserved by
$24 - $25 $t8 - $t9
subprograms
$26 - $27 $k0 - $k1 Reserved for kernel. Do not use.
$28 $gp Global Area Pointer (base of global data segment)
$29 $sp Stack Pointer
$30 $fp Frame Pointer
$31 $ra Return Address

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Memory Organization

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Memory Organization

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Which instructions

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MIPS Addressing Modes

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Addressing Modes

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Addressing Modes

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Addressing Modes

8 bit

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N bit
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32

32 bit

32 bit
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Addressing Modes

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Addressing Modes

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32

32 bit

32 bit
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Addressing Modes

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Addressing Modes

32 32 2 pow 32/4

32 bit 32

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MIPS Instructions

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Operands

• In C, each “variable” is a location in memory

• In hardware, each memory access is expensive – if

variable a is accessed repeatedly, it helps to bring the
variable into an on-chip scratchpad and operate on the
scratchpad (registers)

• To simplify the instructions, we require that each

instruction (add, sub) only operate on registers

• Note: the number of operands (variables) in a C program is

very large; the number of operands in assembly is fixed…
there can be only so many scratchpad registers
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