GOOD DAY!

Welcome to
PAST111:Week 5 topics
YOUR INSTRUCOR: METEOROLOGIST ENGR.DANILO
M.MADIAM
FORMERLY:DOST-PAGASA –Infrastructure Committee Chairman;
Weather Specialist II /Chief Meteorological Officer-Central
Agromet Weather Stn; and Principal Port Meteorological Officer
(PMO)-Port Area Meteorological Office,PAGASA,DOST(Ret)
{with 21 academics units:PhD in Maritime Edu;Degree in
MBA major Gen.Mngt. Licensed Civil
Engineer/Meteorologist P.D .997-DOST,PAGASA}
Certificates of training in I.M.O 6.09 and I.M.O 3.12
Slide-51
 PAST-111:Wk 5: Prelim Topics(wk1-5)
Week 1Topic 1:Angles and Measurements;
Week 2 Topic 2:Angles and their Measurements
and Triangles;
Week3Topic 3: Trigonometric Functions of Acute
Angle;
Week4Topic 4:Trigonometric Functions
The Right Triangle;
Week5Topic 5:Practical Application of Right
Triangle.
Week6Prelim examinations.
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
Practical Application of Right Triangle
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
LO15: Explain and discuss the two cases in solving
right triangles.
LO16: Discuss the applications of Right Triangles.
LO17: Explain and discuss applications involving
course and bearing.
LO18: Discuss graph of trigonometric functions.
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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Activities:
Activity # 9
Student will discuss the two cases and applications of
right triangles involving course and bearing of ship.
 
Activity # 10
Student will solve problems involving course and
bearing of ship.
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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LO15: Explain and discuss the two cases in solving
right triangles.
 Every triangle has six parts
namely, the 3 sides and the 3 angles.
 To solve a triangle is to find the value of the
unknown parts from those that are known.
  The right triangle can be solved
 if we are given ( in addition to the two right angles)
 Two parts where at least one of them is a side.
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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 Solving Right TRIANGLE:
 To solve Right Triangle---ABC,
  we make use of the :
1. Four (4) Trigonometric Functions, namely:
 1.  sin A= a/c; 3. cos A = b/c;
-2. tan A = a / b ; and 4. cot A = b / a.
And;
2- The Relations: - [A + B = 90⁰] and
- [ a² + b² = c² ] , known as the Pythagorean theorem.
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 In solving the Right Triangle—the following suggestions are
helpful:
1-Make a reasonably accurate sketch of the triangle, label it
properly and indicate the known and unknown parts;
2- Choose one of the functions that involves two of the
known parts and one unknown part.
 Whenever possible, use an equation where the unknown
is in the numerator.
3- Solve for the unknown parts by using the given data, if
possible,
 Avoid using previously computed values
to prevent the occurrence of continuing error.
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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4. Round off the results in accordance with the
agreement.

5. Check the results

by using anyone of the trigonometric functions not
used in the computation.
Substitute the given and the computed values in the
formula,
 compute both sides independently and compare the
results.

 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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Example 1:
 Solve -- right triangle ABC
if a = 7, and c = 25.
Solution- First ,  we Draw  Right Triangle ABC,
Label - it with the Standard Notation,
 as in Fig.3.7.. B Fig. 3.7
c = 25 a=7

A
? C
b=?
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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 And indicate

 the Values of the Given Parts.

 The Unknown Parts -are
 Angle A,

 Angle B , and

 side  b
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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We Compute for b : by using Pythagorean theorem,
i.e. 7² + b² = ( 25 )²
49 + b² = 625; b = 24
To find A ,
we use : sin A = a / c;
 sin A = 7 / 25 = 0.28000;
 solving for : A = arc sin (0.28000) ;
= thus: A = 16⁰ 16’. ..

 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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Then by using the relation:
----- A + B = 90⁰; substitute solved value A in the
relation: [A = 16⁰ 16] + B = 90°, solving for B,
 ----- B = [90° - 16°16’]
---- we obtain, B = 73⁰ 44’. Answer.
Check your solution : we use formula  sin B = 24/25
or, 24 = 25 sin B.
24 = 25 sin 73⁰44’= 25 ( 0.95997) = 24
 thus 24 = 24……..checked!
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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Example 2: Solve theΔABC, given β=50°, c= 14m, and
λ=90° B

Fig. 3.1.4 c
β
Solution: a
α λ
C
A
b

 as indicated in fig 3.1.4, use the relation : α + β = 90°

Then solve for α = 90° - 50°= 40°
To solve for side a use trigonometric function
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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 a/ c = cos 50° where , c= 14m, solve for a:
 a = 14 cos 50°
 a = 14(0.6427)
 a = 8.9, or 9m.
 then solving, for side b: in the fig.3.1.4 sine function
 b/c = sin 50°, solving for, b = 14 sin 50°
 b = 14 ( 0.7660) = 10.7 or 11m
 therefore : answers: a= 9m, b= 11m, α= 40°
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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LO16: Discuss the applications of Right Triangles.
Bearings---define
 ,illustrate bearings of a line
 ;solve the application problems.

The bearing
 can be stated by giving the angle between the line
and the- fixed direction.
 Usually, the North-South line
 is taken as a fixed direction.
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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The Bearing of a Horizontal Line

the Angle which the line makes

 with the North-South Line,
 which is indication as
to whether the angle is formed
 to the East or to the West.
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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There are Two Ways of Describing it:
 In the 1st system– the angle of bearing of a line due
North or South is 0⁰ and is 90⁰ if it runs exactly East or West
(Fig. 3.4.1).
 Otherwise, it is an Acute Angle as in line OA of Fig.3.4.2.
In writing the bearing of this line, the North or South is written
first, followed by the letter E or W.
 In Fig.3.4.3, the bearing of OA, is indicated as N 40⁰ E,
that of OB as S 52⁰ W, that of OS as S 0⁰, and that of OW as
90⁰W.
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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Fig.3.4.1.
N
0⁰

90⁰
W E

Fig..3.4.2. S

N
ACUTE ANGLE
W E
0⁰

S
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
Practical Application of Right Triangle
Fig. 3.4.3 N
A

40⁰
W E
0⁰
52⁰
B
S
 Wk5-Practical Application of Right Triangle
 In the 2nd system,
 commonly used in Navigation
 a direction given its angle of deviation from North,
 measured clockwise,
 and in general beginning with
 0⁰but less than 360⁰.
In Fig.3.3.3,
the bearing of OA in this system is 40⁰, that of OB is 232⁰,
 that of OS is 180⁰, and that of OW is 270⁰.
 See fig.3.4.4
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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Fig.3.4.4.a,b,c. N
A

40⁰
W
E
O
N
N
O S
W E
W O E
232⁰
S 180⁰
S
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
Practical Application of Right Triangle
FIG.3.4.4.d

W E
270⁰ O

S
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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Example: A ship is 85 km to the East and 107km, to the
South of a certain port. Find its distance and bearing from
the port.
Fig. 3.4.5

δ
85
W E
0 α
β
107

S
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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Solution: Let the ship be at S and the port at 0 as shown in
Fig.3.4.5.
Then with the acute angle α
defined in the figure.
cot α = 85 / 107 ; solving for α , we get, α = arc
cot 85/107 = 51.5⁰, or 51⁰ 32’. Note that 0.5⁰ is
multiplied by 60 to express it in ,minutes.
Also, if we solve for β and δ, we then
obtain, β = 90⁰-α = 38⁰28’, and ,
δ= 90⁰+51⁰32’= 141⁰32’.
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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Therefore,
>according to the first system,
..the ship “bears’” S 38⁰28’ E; but,
 in the Second System,
its bearing is N 141⁰32’ E.
 Its distance from the port is :
cos α = 85 / OS , or,
OS = 85 /cos 51⁰32’ = 137 km.
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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LO17: Explain and discuss applications involving course
and bearing.
BEARINGTHE Direction of a Point on the
Earth’s plane surface is usually referred to as the
 North-South line and is called its  Bearing.”
 The Bearing of a point P from O is the Acute angle
 that line OP makes with the North-South line.
 Thus, in fig. 3.20,
 the bearing of P from O is 68⁰ East of North
 and is abbreviated as  N 68⁰ E.
 This is read as - “ north 68⁰ east”.
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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Fig. 3.20 Q N
P
25⁰

68⁰

W
0 E

75⁰20’
47⁰30’
R

S T
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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Similarly from 0 : ( fig. 3.20 )
The Bearing of Q is N 25⁰ W;
The Bearing of R is S 75⁰ 20’ W;
And The Bearing of T is S 47⁰ 30’ E.
Example: Course and Bearing :
A Ship leaves a port headed due East at 16 km per hour
w.r.t. Earth.
 But the Ocean water flows Northward at 4km per hour.
Find the bearing of the Ship and its distance from the port
at the end of 2 hours.
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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N S
Fig. 3.2.1.
Ф
ϴ
W E
P H
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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Solution:
 In fig.3.2.1.
PH represents the Course of the Ship on still water. --
But due to the Ocean water current flowing
Northward,
the actual Course of the Ship is- PS.
Angle Ф - is the Bearing of the Ship from the port P.
--> At the end of two hours,
 the Ship has travelled PH and
the Ocean Current HS,
where: PH = 16km/hr x 2hr= 32km;
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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HS = 4km /hr x 2hr = 8 km;

-To find the PS,
 we use the Pythagorean Theorem.
 Thus, (PS)² = (32)² + (8)²=
- PS = √(32)² + (8)² = 32.9848 km, or,
 PS= 32.9kms.,
,  at the end of 2 hrs,
the ship has travelled 32.9kms from the port.
Next slide, cont’n……
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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To find the Bearing of S from P, we compute for ϴ

 We use the tangent functions of the acute triangle,
thus,
 tan ϴ = HS / PH= 8 /32 = 0.2500;
 tan ϴ = 0.2500 ;
 simplifying for ϴ, we use inverse function,i,e, (arc tan), or
 ( tan⁻¹ ); hence,
- ϴ = arc tan (0.2500)= 14⁰2’;
Therefore, Ф = 90⁰ - 14⁰2’ = 75⁰58’;
Hence, - the Bearing of the ship from the Port is
N 75⁰58’ E…..answer.
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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L.O.#18: Discuss graph of trigonometric functions.

 Graphs of the Circular functions—

-These curves are helpful
in understanding many of their characteristics.
--> If the graphs of a function repeats itself
-- after certain interval,
then the function is said
- to be periodic.
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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The length of the interval is called
- the period of the function, and
-- the portion of the graph which is repeated
-- every period is
- called a Cycle.
The amplitude of a periodic function
- whose graph oscillates equally far above
- and below the horizontal axis
- is the greatest numerical value of its ordinate.
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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The graph of each circular function is constructed by
using the data in the table below.

ANGLE 0⁰ 30⁰ 45⁰ 60⁰ 90⁰ 120⁰ 135⁰ 150⁰ 180⁰

y= sin x 0 0.5 0.70 0.90 1.00 0.90 0.70 0.50 0
y = cos x 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.5 0 -0.5 -0.7 -0.9 -1.0
y =tan x 0 0.6 1.0 1.7 --- -1.7 -1.0 -.0.6 0
y = cot x --- 1.7 1.0 0.6 0 -0.6 -1.0 -1.7 ---
y = sec x 1.0 1.2 1.4 2.0 --- -2.0 -1.4 -1.2 -1.0
y = csc x - 2.0 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.4 2.0 --
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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I – The Graph of y = sin x:

Fig,. 1
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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The graph of y= sin x is shown in the
fig. 9.1.
 If we plot points beyond 360⁰,
 we will notice that the curve repeats itself every 360⁰.
Hence, the sine function is periodic.

 The figure represents one cycle of the curve.

 The graph clearly shows the following properties of

the sine function:
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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1- The range of the values of sin x
 includes all real numbers from
 - -1 to 1, and numerical value of sinx is never more
than one.

2- The sine function is positive in the first and second

quadrants;
- it is negative in the third and fourth quadrants.
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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3-The value of sin x increases

--from 0 to 1 in the first quadrant,
- and from -1 to 0 in the fourth quadrant.   
 However, the value of sin x decreases
- from 1 to 0 in the second quadrant
 and from 0 to -1 in the third quadrant.
In other words, the sine is an increasing function
in the first and fourth quadrants;
 it is a decreasing function on the second and third
quadrants.
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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4- The maximum value of sin x is 1 at 90⁰,
-- and its minimum value is -1 at 270⁰.

5- The period of the sine function

- is 360⁰, and
- its amplitude is one (1).
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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The student should practice drawing
 the sine curve in the from 0⁰ to 360⁰,
- until he/she can make a reasonably accurate sketch of it
from memory.
-The sine function is very important
in the study of wave motion.
 Because of its periodic nature,
it is well suited to the study of sound waves, radio waves,
electric currents and
-other natural phenomena which show the same pattern of
periodicity.
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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II- The Graph of y = cos x:

Fig.2
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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Fig 2 shows the graph of y=cos x;
The complete graph of cosine function is an endless
repetition of the curve shown in the figure,
 to the left and right.
 The figure represents one cycle of the cosine curve.
 The following properties of the cosine function are
readily observed from the graph;
1- The range of values of cos x includes all real numbers
from-1 to 1, and the numerical value of cosine x is never
more than one.
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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2- The cosine function is positive in the first and
fourth quadrants; it is negative in the second and third
quadrants;
3- The cosine is a decreasing function in the first two
quadrants; it is an increasing function in the last two
quadrants;
4- The maximum value of cos x is 1 at 0⁰and its
minimum value is -1 at 180⁰;
5- The period of the cosine function is 360⁰,
-and its amplitude is one (1).
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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III- The graph of y= tan x:

Fig.3
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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The graph of y = tan x is shown in fig.3.
-As in the sine function,
-only that portion of the curve between 0⁰ and 360⁰is
drawn.
The graph of y= tan x consists of many disconnected
curves.
Each is identical to the one drawn between 90⁰ and 270⁰.
It is evident from each graph that the tangent function
possesses the following properties:
1- The range of values of tan x includes all real numbers;
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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2- The tangent function is zero for angles 0⁰,180⁰ and
360⁰;
3- The tangent function is positive in the first quadrant,
and it increases indefinitely in numerical value as x gets
very close to 90⁰.
We usually describe this fact by saying that
the tangent approaches infinity as the angle x
approaches 90⁰.
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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4- In the second quadrant the tangent function starts from

an infinitely great negative value and increases algebraically.
As the angle increases beyond 90⁰,
---the tangent increases until it approaches a positive infinite
value at 270⁰.
5- The period of the tangent is 180⁰,
but it has no amplitude.
- Why?
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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Graph of the other circular functions:

The graphs of y=cot x; y= sec x; and y= csc x are
shown in the fig.4,5,and 6, respectively.
Fig. 4. y = cot x.
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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Fig.5: y= sec x

Fig.6: y = csc x
 PAST 111-WEEK 5 :Topic5:
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End of topic for Prelim term (Week 5)
Activities:
1- synchronus– Quiz No 5 in canvas,20-points,10-
items,10-minutes-take 1 only.

2- asynchronus.---GC’s worksheets…

Thank You All  Past 111-MT1y1-1,2,5,10,12,13….

.Good luck -- prelim-exams!......75 items online!
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