PROCESS

DYNAMICS &
CONTROL
A SHORT INTRODUCTION TO PROCESS DYNAMICS AND CONTROL

• Process control is the study and application of automatic control in the field

of chemical engineering. The primary objective of process control is to
maintain a process at the desired operating conditions, safely and efficiently,
while satisfying environmental and product quality requirements.
• Process Control
• Process control is the study and application of automatic control in the field of
chemical engineering. The primary objective of process control is to maintain a
process at the desired operating conditions, safely and efficiently, while
satisfying environmental and product quality requirements. Proper application
of process control can actually improve the safety and profitability of a process. 
  Even though rapidly decreasing costs of digital devices and increasing
computer speed have enabled high‐ performance measurement and control
systems, it is not an easy task to achieve this because modern plants tend to be
difficult to operate due to high complexity and highly integrated process units .
PROCESS DYNAMICS

• A dynamical system can be defined as a combination

of components that act together to perform a certain
objective. Conceptually, it is some isolated part of the
universe that is of interest to us. For analysis and
design purposes the full system of interest is usually
decomposed into a number of subsystems that interact
with each other. Such a subsystem (or even the full
system) can be illustrated graphically by a block as
shown in the figure
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course combines the mathematical,
physical and chemical concepts for
application to process simulation and
control. This is an introductory part for
process control design and analysis.
Whenever appropriate, MATLAB/other
software is used to demonstrate the
behavior of the control system.
COURSE OBJECTIVES

After completing this course, the student must be

able to:
1. Develop dynamic (time-dependent) mathematical
models of several chemical engineering processes
2. Develop transfer functions relating response to the
forcing function
3. Know the response of the process to some forcing
functions (step, impulse, linear and sinusoidal (etc.)
4. Know and analyze feedback control
systems and its stability
5. Analyze the overall plant dynamics
and characteristics
COURSE OUTLINE
1. Introduction
1.1 What is a control system
1.2 Objective of Process Control
1.3 Design Aspects of Process Control
2. Review of Laplace Transforms
2.1 Transforms of elementary functions
2.2 Inverse Laplace Transforms
2.3 Solution of Linear Differential Equations
by Laplace Transforms
3. Introduction to Modeling
3.1. Development of Mathematical Models
3.2. Modeling for Control Purposes
3.3. Linearization
4. First Order Open Loop Systems
4.1 What is a first order system.
4.2. Physical systems modeled as first order
4.3. Response of the first order systems to
various input.(step, impulse, linear and sinusoidal etc.)
5. Higher Order Open-Loop Systems
5.1. What are second order systems
5.2. Physical systems modeled as second order
5.3. Response of the second order systems to various inputs
5.4. Higher order systems
6. Introduction to Feedback Control Systems
6.1 Concepts of feedback control
6.2. Control Systems
6.3. Controllers and final control element
6.4. Hardware for process control
7. Dynamic Behavior of Feedback Control
Processes
7.1. Block Diagrams / Algebra
7.2. Effect of proportional control
7.3. Effect of Integral control
7.4. Effect of Derivative control
7.5. Effect of Combined (PID) control
8. Stability of Feedback Control Systems
8.1. Motion of Stability
8.2. Characteristic Equation
8.3. Routh-Hurwtz Criterion
8.4. Root-Locus Criteria
9. Controller Tuning
9.1. Ziegler-Nichols Method
9.2. Cohen – Coon Method
 INTRODUCTION

Why do we need process control?

- required to maintain safe
operations, quality products and business
viability.
SAFETY

- the primary purpose of process

control system.
- personnel safety, environmental
safety and equipment safety.
QUALITY

process control systems are significant

to maintaining product quality.
PROFIT

- when safety and quality concerns are

met, process control objectives can be
focused on profit.
WHAT IS A PROCESS?

A process is an operation that uses

resources to transform inputs into
outputs. It is the resource that provides
the energy into the process for the
transformation to occur.
WHAT IS PROCESS CONTROL?

A process control is the act of

controlling a final control element to
change the manipulated variable to
maintain the process variable at a desired
set point.
 The Manipulated Variable (MV) – is
the measure of resource being fed into the
process, for instance how much thermal
energy.

A Final Control Element (FCE) – is

the device that changes the value of the
manipulated variable.
 The Controller Output (CO) – is the
signal from the controller to the final
control element.

The Process Variable (PV) – is a

measure of the process output that changes
in response to changes in the manipulated
variable.
 The Set Point (SP) – is the value we
wish to maintain the process variable at.
WHAT ARE THE BASIC ELEMENTS
OF PROCESS CONTROL?

The process itself, the sensor that

measures the process value, the final
control element that changes the
manipulated variable and the controller.
THE PROCESS

Processes have a dynamic behavior

that is determined by physical properties
which cannot be altered without making
a physical change to the process.
SENSORS

Measure the value of the process

output called Process Variable (PV) such
as temperature, pressure, mass, flow and
level.
FINAL CONTROL ELEMENT

The physical device that receives

commands from the controller that
manipulate the resource.
THE CONTROLLER

Provides the signal to the final

element.
 DESIGN METHODOLOGY
FOR PROCESS CONTROL
1.) Understand the process.
2.) Identify the operating parameters.
3.) Identify the hazardous conditions.
4.) Identify the measurable.
5.) Identify the points of measurement.
6.) Select measurement methods.
7.) Select control method.
8.) Select control system.
9.) Set control limits.
10.) Define control logic.
11.) Create a redundancy system.
12.) Define a fail-safe.
13.) Set lead/lag criteria.
14.) Investigate effects of changes
before/after.
15.) Integrate and test with other systems.