CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

By Sunil Kumar
FPPT.com
INTRODUCTION
• The CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
• These essential structures are both well protected
from damage and injury.
• The brain is enclosed within the skull and the spinal
cord by the vertebrae that form the spinal column.
• Membranous coverings called the meninges
provide further protection.
• The structure and functions of the meninges, brain
and spinal cord
MENINGES
• The brain and spinal cord are completely surrounded by three layers of
tissue called the meninges, lying between the skull and the brain, and
between the vertebral foramina and the spinal cord.
• Named from outside inwards, they are the:
• dura mater
• arachnoid mater
• pia mater.
• In the brain, two spaces are associated with the meninges:
• The subdural space - this is a potential space that lies between the dural
and arachnoid maters, and contains a very small amount of serous fluid
• The subarachnoid space - this separates the arachnoid and pia maters,
and contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).These continue into the spinal
canal, which contains an additional space: the epidural space
Dura mater
• The dura mater is the outermost covering of the brain that surrounds
the brain
• It is thick and tough fibrous membrane and is made up of two layers.
• Outer endosteal layer & Inner meningeal layer.
• The outer endosteal layer forms the inner periosteum of the skull
bones. Meningeal blood vessels pass deep to this layer.
• Most of the places the endosteal and meningeal layers are fused
together. However, at certain places meningeal layer is separated
from the endosteal layer.
• This space between the endosteal and meningeal layers of the dura
mater is occupied by endothelial-lined spaces,
• which drain venous blood from the brain and meninges. These spaces
are called dural venous sinuses.
• The meningeal layer of the dura mater projects inwards to form folds
(or projections), which are called 'Duralfolds'. They divide the cranial
cavity into compartments.
• It continue to the spinal cord extending from
foramen magnum to 2nd sacral vertebra
• Dura mater and periosteum of vertebra and
ligament(vertibral wall)is separated by epidural
space.
• The space containing blood vessels, nerves enters
or leaves in the spinal cord through epidural space
• Anesthesia or analgesics is given in the epidural
space to relieve pain during surgery
Dural folds
• Falx cerebri:- which separates the two
cerebral hemispheres
• Falx cerebelli:- which separates the two
cerebellar hemisphere
• Tentorium cerebelli:- which separates
the cerebrum and cerebellum
Archnoid mater
• This is a fibrous tissue that lies between
the duramater & pia mater
• It is separated by subarchnoid space
from the pia mater which contains
CSF(Cerebrospinal fluid)
• It continues downwards from spinal
cord and merges with duramater at
the level of 2nd sacral vertebra.
Pia mater
• This is delicate layer of connective tissue
• It contains very small blood vessels
• It completely adhere to the brain
• It continues downwards surrounds the brain & spinal cord.
• End of the cord it continues as filum terminale. Pierces
with archnoid tube and & with dura mater, to fuse with
periosteum of the coccyx.
• The bilaminar fold of pia mater in the ventricles of the
brain called ‘tela choroidea’. tela choroidea contains blood
vessels called choroid plexus, which produces CSF
The Brain
• The brain is a large organ weighing araound 1.4 kg.
• The brain is the central information processing organ of our body.
• It acts as the command & control system of all body activities.
• It control voluntary movement & balance of the body.
• Functioning of Vital organs, Eg. Lungs, etc
• Thermoregulation, hunger & thirst.
• Activities of endocrine glands.
• Human Behaviour
• It processing the physiology of vision, hearing, speech, memory,
emotion & thoughts.
• Brain is located in the Cranium (Cranial Cavity) of Skull.
 Parts of Brain
• Cerebrum
Forebrain • Thalamus
The Dicencepholon
• Hypothalamus
Midbrain • Midbrain
• Pons The brain Stem
Hindbrain • Medulla Oblongata
• cerebellum
Cerebrum
• This is the largest part of the brain and it occupies the
anterior and middle cranial fossae.
• The Cerebrum: Also known as the cerebral cortex, the
cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain, and it
is associated with higher brain function such as
thought and action.
• It is divided by a deep cleft, the longitudinal cerebral
fissure, in to right and left cerebral hemispheres, each
containing one of the lateral ventricles.
• Deep within the brain, the hemispheres are connected
by a mass of white matter (nerve fibres)called the
corpus callosum.
• The falx cerebri is formed by the dura mater . It separates the
two cerebral hemispheres and penetrates to the depth of the
corpus callosum.
• The superficial part of the cerebrum is composed of nerve cell
bodies (grey matter), forming the cerebral cortex, and the
deeper layers consist of nerve fibres (axons,white matter)
• The surface of the cerebral cortex shows many in foldings or
furrows of varying depth.
• The exposed areas of the folds are the gyri (convolutions) and
these are separated by sulci(fissures).
• These convolutions greatly increase the surface area of the
cerebrum
• A deep furrow divides the cerebrum into two halves,
known as the left and right hemispheres.
• And, while the two hemispheres look almost
symmetrical, each side seems to function differently.
• The right hemisphere is considered our creative
side, and the left hemisphere is considered our
logical side.
• A bundle of axons, called the corpus callosum,
connects the two hemispheres.
Lobes of Brain
Each cerebral hemisphere is is divided into 4 lobes
• Frontal Lobe – The frontal lobe lies just beneath our forehead and is
associated with our brain’s ability to reason, organize, plan, speak,
move, make facial expressions, serial task, problem solve, control
inhibition, spontaneity, initiate and self-regulate behaviors, pay
attention, remember and control emotions.
• Parietal Lobe – The parietal lobe is located at the upper rear of our
brain, and controls our complex behaviors, including senses such as
vision, touch, body awareness and spatial orientation.
• It plays important roles in integrating sensory information from
various parts of our body, knowledge of numbers and their relations,
and in the manipulation of objects.
• Portions are involved with our visuospatial processing, language
comprehension, the ability to construct, body positioning and
movement, neglect/inattention, left-right differentiation and self-
awareness/insight.
• Occipital Lobe – The occipital lobe is located at the back of our brain,
and is associated with our visual processing, such as visual
recognition, visual attention, spatial analysis (moving in a 3-D world)
and visual perception of body language; such as postures,
expressions and gestures.
• Temporal Lobe – The temporal lobe is located near our ears, and is
associated with processing our perception and recognition of
auditory stimuli (including our ability to focus on one sound among
many, like listening to one voice among many at a party),
comprehending spoken language, verbal memory, visual memory and
language production (including fluency and word-finding), general
knowledge and autobiographical memories.
Ventricles of the brain
• The brain contains four irregular-shaped cavities, or ventricles,
containing CSF.
• They are the
• Right and Left lateral ventricles
• Third ventricle
• Fourth ventricle.
Lateral ventricles:-
These cavities lie within the cerebral hemispheres, one on each side of the
median plane just below the corpus callosum.
They are separated from each other by a thin membrane, the septum
lucidum, and are lined with ciliated epithelium.
They communicate with the third ventricle by interventricular foramina.
Third ventricle The third ventricle is a cavity situated below the lateral
ventricles between the two parts of the thalamus. It communicates with
the fourth ventricle by a canal, thecerebral aqueduct.
Fourth Ventricle is a diamond-shaped cavity
situated below and behind the third
ventricle, between the cerebellum and
pons.
• It is continuous below with the central
canal of the spinal cord and communicates
with the subarachnoid space by foramina
in its roof. CSF enters the subarachnoid
space through these openings.
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