Text structures

1. Description
2. Sequence (Chronological order)
3. Problem and solution
4. Compare and contrast
5. Cause and effect
 Description
 Describe something in order of space.
 Describe how something looks.
 a statement that gives details about someone or something

two windows on the a closet by the TV

west wall
MY
BEDROOM
A bed in the middle
a television across from the bed
 Sequence
Information is listed step-by-step. Explains how to do it or
how it happens.
 Problem and Solution
A problem and answer are suggested.
 Compare and Contrast
Shows how to two or more things are alike and/
how they are different
 Cause and effect
An action and its results are explain.
Diffe r e n t ia t e A c a d e m i c
o n - a ca d e m i c t e x t
an d N
WHAT IS ACADEMIC TEXT?

 Written by experts or professionals in a given field

 Well-edited and often take years to publish
 Uses formal language
 Contains words and terms specific to the
field(jargons)
WHAT IS ACADEMIC TEXT?
 Informative, argumentative, or objective in nature
 Can be challenging for novice/beginner readers
 Contains list of sources or references
 Main goal is to advance human understanding
in a particular discipline
EXAMPLES OF ACADEMIC TEXTS
 School books and textbooks
 Journal articles
 Research proposal
 Some newspapers and magazine articles
 Thesis and dissertation
 TYPES OF ACADEMIC TEXT

Descriptive Analytical
Organizes facts and information
Provides facts and information
into categories, groups, parts,
types, or relationship
Identify, report, record,
summarize, define
Analyze, compare, contrast,
relate, examine
 Types of academic text
Persuasive Critical
Includes, argument, recommendation, Require you to consider at
interpretation, or evaluation of the work least two points of view
of others of your own point of view including your own

Needs to be supported by evidence

Critique, debate, disagree,
Argue, evidence, Discuss, take a position and evaluate
WHAT ARE THE QUALITIES OF AN
ACADEMIC TEXT?

 Formal
 Define structure
 Provides only facts and evidences
 Objective
 Precise
NON-ACADEMIC TEXT

 Written for the mass public

 Published quickly and can be written by anyone
 Uses informal and more conversational language
 Often doesn’t involve research or resources
 Contain slang
NON-ACADEMIC TEXTS
 An author may be unknown
 Usually delivers simple and basic information
 Can be read and easily understood by any kind of reader
EXAMPLES OF NON-ACADEMIC TEXTS
 Blog posts
 Fiction books
 Letters
 Personal journals and diaries
WHAT ARE THE QUALITIES OF NON
ACADEMIC TEXT?

 Personal
 emotional
 impressionistic
 subjective in nature
 informal
 DIFFERENCE IN PURPOSE
ACADEMIC TEXT NON-ACADEMIC TEXT
To inform the readers •To entertain the readers
Teach facts with solid •To express personal
evidence opinion
FACTORS THAT SHAPES
ACADEMIC WRITING
 STRUCTURE OF ACADEMIC TEXT
The three-part essay IMRaD structure
structure Introduction
 Introduction  Introduction
 Body  methods
 Conclusion  result
 discussion
INTRODUCTION

Its purpose is to tell the reader the paper’s topic, purpose, and
structure. It might be between 10%-20% of the length of the
whole paper and has three main parts:
1. The most general information
2. The core introduction
3. The most specific information
 BODY
It develops the question… what is the topic about?
It may elaborate directly on the topic sentence by giving
definitions, classifications, explanations, contrasts, examples, and
evidence.
Considered “THE HEART OF THE ESSAY”
The largest part of the essay
It expounds the specific ideas for the readers to have a better
understanding of the topic
CONCLUSION

 Is closely related to the introduction and as often

described “MIRROR IMAGE OF INTRODUCTION”
 That only means if the introduction begins with general
information and ends with specific information, the
conclusion moves in the opposite direction
 Begins briefly summarizing the main scope or structure of
the paper
CONCLUSION
 Confirm the topic was given in the introduction.
 Ends with a more general statement about how the
topic relates to its context.
 We can also find here the importance of the topic,
implications for future research or a recommendation
about theory or practice.
IMRaD STRUCTURE
 Introduction- usually depicts the background of the topic and the
central focus on the study
 Methods- lets your readers know your data collecting methods,
research instruments employed, sample size, and so on.
 Results and Discussion- states the brief summary of the key
findings or the result of your study
Questions?
1. What is the difference in purpose between academic
text and non-academic text?
2. Difference in style?
3. Difference in language?
4. Difference in the audience?
5. Similarities in academic text and non-academic text?