Skewness and Kurtosis

• In a symmetrical distribution the

Symmetrical values of mean, median and mode
coincide. The spread of the
normal frequencies is the same on both
sides of the centre point of the

distribution
curve. For a symmetrical
distribution Mean = Median =
Mode.
For a positively skewed distribution Mean > Median > Mode.
For a negatively skewed distribution, Mean < Median < Mode.
 Measures of skewness are meant to give an idea about the
extent of asymmetry in a series. A distribution is said to be
skewed if
The frequency curve of the distribution is not a symmetric
bell shaped curve but stretched more to one side than to the
Measures other.

of The values of mean (M), median (Md) and mode (Mo) fall at
different points i.e they don’t coincide.
Skewness
Quartiles Q1 and Q3 are not equidistant from the median.

The corresponding pairs of deciles and percentiles are not

equidistant from the median.
Variance Inflation factor
• Multicollinearity occurs when two or more independent variables are highly
correlated with one another in a regression model.

• VIF determines the strength of the correlation between the independent

variables. It is predicted by taking a variable and regressing it against every
other variable. “

• VIF starts at 1 and has no upper limit

• VIF = 1, no correlation between the independent variable and the other variables
• VIF exceeding 5 or 10 indicates high multicollinearity between this independent
variable and the others
 A measure of whether the curve
of a distribution is:
Bell-shaped -- Mesokurtic

Kurtosis
Peaked -- Leptokurtic

Flat -- Platykurtic
 • For kurtosis and Skewness the acceptable
limits is ±2. beyond this value the data is not
Range for Skewness normally distributed.
and kurtosis • Trochim, W. M., & Donnelly, J. P. (2006). The
research methods knowledge base (3rd ed.).
Cincinnati, OH: Atomic Dog.