Thermodynamics-I (ME 231)

Fall 2022

Lecture 5
Chapter 2: Energy, Energy Transfer and
Energy Analysis

Instructor: Dr. Ahmad Abbas

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Ch. 2: Energy, Energy Transfer and Energy Analysis
• Energy

• Forms of Energy

• Energy Transfer (Interactions)

• Conservation of Energy

• First law of Thermodynamics

• Energy Conversion

• Energy Conversion efficiencies

2
Mechanical Concepts of Work and Energy
Work and Kinetic Energy: By Newton’s second law
𝐹 𝑠=𝑚 𝑎𝑠

Using Chain Rule;

3
Mechanical Concepts of Work and Energy (2)
Work and Gravitational Potential Energy:

4
Conservation of Energy
Conservation of Energy in Mechanics:

Total work of all forces acting on the body from the surroundings,
equals the sum of the changes in the K.E and P.E of the body.

• Engineering systems interact with their surroundings in more

complicated ways, with changes in other properties as well.

• Therefore, concepts of K.E and P.E are not enough to deal with
them.
5
 Forms of Energy
• The macroscopic forms of energy are those that a system
possesses as a whole with respect to some outside reference
frame, such as K.E and P.E.

• The microscopic forms of energy are those related to the

molecular structure of a system and the degree of the molecular
activity, and they are independent of outside reference frames.

• The sum of all the microscopic forms of energy is called the

internal energy of a system and is denoted by U.

• The total energy of a system is the sum of K.E, P.E and internal
energy of the system.

6
 Forms of Internal Energy
• The portion of the internal
energy of a system associated
with the kinetic energies of the
molecules is called the sensible
energy.

• At higher temperatures, the

molecules possess higher K.E,
and as a result the system has
a higher internal energy.

Internal K.E of molecules

7
 Forms of Internal Energy (2)
• The internal energy associated with the
phase of a system is called the latent
energy.

• The phase-change process can occur

without a change in the chemical
composition of a system.

• The internal energy associated with the

atomic bonds in a molecule is called
chemical energy.

• The tremendous amount of energy

associated with the strong bonds Internal energy of a system
within the nucleus of the atom itself is
called nuclear energy. 8
 Macroscopic vs Microscopic K.E
• The kinetic energy of an object is an organized form of energy
associated with the orderly motion of all molecules in one
direction in a straight path or around an axis.

• In contrast, the kinetic energies of the molecules are completely

random and highly disorganized.

• In thermodynamics, disorganized energy (heat) is usually

converted to organized energy (work). 9