Thermodynamics-I (ME 231)

Fall 2022

Lecture 6
Chapter 2: Energy, Energy Transfer and
Energy Analysis

Instructor: Dr. Ahmad Abbas

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
 Dynamic Forms of Energy
• The forms of energy not stored in a system can be stated as the
dynamic forms of energy or as energy interactions.

• The dynamic forms of energy are recognized at the system

boundary as they cross it, and they represent the energy gained
or lost by a system during a process.

• The only two forms of energy interactions associated with a

closed system are heat transfer and work.
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 Energy Transfer by Heat
• Heat is defined as the form of energy
that is transferred between two
systems (or a system and its
surroundings) by virtue of a
temperature difference.
• An energy interaction is heat only if it
takes place because of a temperature
difference.
• The transfer of heat into a system is
frequently referred to as heat
addition and the transfer of heat out
of a system as heat rejection.
• Mechanisms of heat transfer
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiations 3
 Energy Transfer by Work
• Work is the energy transfer
associated with a force acting
through a distance.

• If the energy crossing the boundary

of a closed system is not heat, it
must be work.
Qin= Positive
• Heat is easy to recognize: Its driving
force is a temperature difference
between the system and its Qout= Negative
surroundings.
Win= Negative
• For example, a rising piston, a
rotating shaft and an electric wire
crossing the system boundaries. Wout= Positive 4
Forms of Work

Definition of Work

Shaft Work
Spring Work
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Shaft Work

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Spring Work

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Electric Work