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Semmelweis University,
Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology
Dr. Kocsis Katalin
2018.04.19.
Development of the foregut
mellső végtag caudális határa
atlas
Hox gene expression boundaries in the endoderm and mesoderm during early chick gut development. Specific
combinations of homeobox gene expression can be mapped to specific regions of the gastrointestinal tract, with
some combinations demarcating the position of sphincters and organs. The regional expression patterns of
mouse homologs are similar.
Figure 14-5 Signals and transcription factors important in establishing regional differences in the early developing gastrointestinal tract. The top drawing
represents an early mammalian embryo shortly after the initiation of embryonic folding, with areas enlarged below showing some of the signaling events involved
in liver, pancreas, and hindgut specification. After initiation of cranial body folding, the endoderm of the ventral foregut is situated adjacent to the caudal
cardiogenic mesoderm and septum transversum. Tissue-tissue interactions between the cardiogenic mesoderm and the endoderm, mediated by Fgf and Bmp
signals, induce hepatocytic markers within the endoderm (e.g., Albumin and Alpha fetoprotein) while suppressing pancreatic development by upregulating Shh
expression. The homeoprotein pancreatic/duodenal marker, Pdx1, promotes pancreatic development. However, in the presence of Shh, pancreatic development
is repressed. Much of the endoderm expresses Shh, but it is repressed by notochordal release of Fgfs and Activin B in the future pancreatic region. Shh
expression within the hindgut endoderm induces Bmp4 and Hoxd13 expression within the caudal mesoderm. Shh/Bmp4 are only capable of inducing Hoxd13
expression in the caudal gut, possibly due to the caudal restriction of Cdx2 expression established during gastrulation. Hoxd13 instills a caudal identity to the
hindgut. Alb, Albumin, Afp, Alpha fetoprotein; Ipf1, insulin promoter factor 1.
aorta a. vitellina entoderm
20 D
foregut yolk sac
a. umbi- midgut
licalis
hindgut
foregut
szik-
aortic hólyag hindgut
arch
ductus 24 D
omphalo- yolk sac
entericus ductus allantois
omphalo-
entericus yolk sac
26 D 26 D
pharyngeal gut
membrana ductus
buccopharyngea thyreoglossus
foregut
cardiogenic
area lung
ductus omphalo-
entericus stomach
flexura
body stalk duodenojejunalis
midgut
cecum
flexura coli
membrana cloacalis
sinistra
allantois
cloaca hindgut
Liver development
Figure 14-9 Development of the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and their duct systems from endodermal diverticula of the duodenum. The liver bud sprouts during
the 4th week and expands in the ventral (anterior) mesentery. The cystic diverticulum and ventral pancreatic bud also grow into the ventral mesentery, whereas
the dorsal pancreatic bud grows into the dorsal mesentery. During the 5th week, the ventral pancreatic bud migrates around the posterior side (former right side)
of the duodenum to fuse with the dorsal pancreatic bud. The main duct of the ventral bud ultimately becomes the major pancreatic duct, which drains the entire
pancreas.
Figure 14-14 Formation of the liver and associated membranes. As the liver bud grows into the ventral
mesentery, its expanding crown makes direct contact with the developing diaphragm. The ventral mesentery that
encloses the growing liver bud differentiates into the visceral peritoneum of the liver, which is reflected onto the
diaphragm. This zone of reflection, which encircles the area where the liver directly contacts the diaphragm (the
bare area), becomes the coronary ligament. The remnant of ventral mesentery connecting the liver with the
anterior body wall becomes the falciform ligament, whereas the ventral mesentery between the liver and lesser
curvature of the stomach forms the lesser omentum.
induction (SHH, cardiogenic mesoderm):
BMP (2, 4, 7), FGF (1, 2, 8),
Wnt, GATA4, Hnf3, C/EBP
Tissue-tissue interactions between the cardiogenic mesoderm and the endoderm, mediated by Fgf
and Bmp signals, induce hepatocytic markers within the endoderm (e.g., Albumin and Alpha
fetoprotein) while suppressing pancreatic development by upregulating Shh expression.
Sites of hematopoiesis in the human embryo. The graph highlights the relative importance of the
various sites of hematopoiesis. AGM, aorta/genital ridge/mesonephros region. (Based on Carlson
B: Patten's foundations of embryology, ed 6, New York, 1996, McGraw-Hill).
regeneration capacity of the liver cells
Figure 18.29.
Kinetics of DNA synthesis in the four major cell types of the mammalian
liver. It is possible that, since the hepatocytes respond fastest, they are
secreting paracrine factors that induce DNA replication in the other cells.
Pancreas
development
Figure 14-9 Development of the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and their duct systems from endodermal diverticula of the duodenum. The liver bud sprouts during
the 4th week and expands in the ventral (anterior) mesentery. The cystic diverticulum and ventral pancreatic bud also grow into the ventral mesentery, whereas
the dorsal pancreatic bud grows into the dorsal mesentery. During the 5th week, the ventral pancreatic bud migrates around the posterior side (former right side)
of the duodenum to fuse with the dorsal pancreatic bud. The main duct of the ventral bud ultimately becomes the major pancreatic duct, which drains the entire
pancreas.
dorsal pancreas bud (corpus és
cauda pancreatis)
duodenum