BROADCAST JOURNALISM

SOCA, UOL, BROADCST

SYSTEMS ACROSS THE
GLOBE
Ahmad Sheikh
International Broadcaster/ Journalist, Ex- Deputy Controller, Head of current Affair
National Broadcasting Service Radio Pakistan and member CMA,, Community Media
Association, UK), published author ezine and upublish.com
 Broadcasting

■ Broadcasting is the distribution of audio or video

content to a dispersed audience via any electronic
mass communication medium, but typically one
using the electromagnetic spectrum in a one-to-
many-model.
Radio Broadcasting System?

■ Radio broadcasting is transmission by radio waves

intended to reach a wide audience. Stations can be
linked in radio networks to broadcast a common
radio format.
Methods of Broadcasting System

■ Telephone (1881-1932)
■ Radio Broadcasting (1920)
■ Television (1930)
■ Cable Radio (1928)
■ Direct Broadcast Satellite (1974)
BROADCASTING SYSTEM
(TRANSMISSION WISE)
Broadcasting System (Content wise)

■ AM (Amplitude Modulation)
■ FM (Frequency Modulation)
■ SW (Short Waves)
■ Pirate Radio.
■ Terrestrial digital Radio, and
■ Satellite.
AM (Amplitude Modulation)

■ Formulated in 1870’s
■ It is an older modulation process.
■ It’s frequency is detected immediately.
■ It has ground waves.
■ It’s turned off during wars.
FM (Frequency Modulation)

■ It’s frequency is high.

■ It’s quality is lot better.
■ It has less distortion
■ It is more reliable and more clear.
■ It covers specific area (within allocated power)
 SW (Short Waves)

■ Short wave radio is radio transmission using short waves

radio frequency.
■ It is a transmission that reflects from ozone to that require
of certain area.
■ It has target audience.
■ It’s formulated (1.6-30 MHz)
 Frequency Range of Working
■ AM between 540-1650 KHz
■ FM between 88-108 MHZ
■ SW A typical tuning range is from about 150 kHz to 30 MHz
AM: Much broader frequency
Shortwave broadcasts can be easily transmitted over a distance of several thousands of
kilometers, including from one continent to another.
Shortwave includes all the ham frequencies (below VHF and UHF) and all the frequencies in
between.
■  Ham radio is two-way communications, meaning a station can both transmit and receive
■ Hams use a variety of frequencies for communications. Hams are able to use many
frequency bands across the radio spectrum -- these frequencies are allocated by the FCC
for amateur use.
• Pirate radio or a pirate radio station is a radio station that broadcasts without a
valid license.
• In some cases, radio stations are considered legal where the signal is transmitted,
but illegal where the signals are received—especially when the signals cross a
national boundary.

• In terrestrial radio broadcasting the radio waves are broadcast by a land-based

radio station,
• while in satellite radio the radio waves are broadcast by a satellite in Earth orbit.
To receive the content the listener must have a broadcast radio receiver (radio).
• Digital terrestrial television (DTTV or DTT, or DTTB is a technology
for terrestrial television in which land-based (terrestrial) television
stations broadcast television content by radio waves to televisions in consumers'
residences in a digital format. DTTV is a major technological advance over the
previous analog television. Test broadcasts began in 1998.

•
 Free-to-air, cable and digital satellite systems

Free to Air Model: Free to Air is the revenue model of broadcasting. A

Radio or TV channel usually either funded by license fees like the BBC
in the U.K or by advertising like ITV in the U.K. Same in Pakistan and
almost across the globe where broadcasting is regulated.

Pay TV Model: Pay TV is often associated with more finest content

including live sports and first-rated drama.
Cable and Satellite are methods of delivering the content to viewers'
homes (the other methods are “Terrestrial”, where signals are
communicated by television masts, and “Internet Protocol Television
(IPTV), where content is delivered via the Internet).
 IPTV and Internet TV?

The primary difference is the way in which the content is delivered.

- Internet TV travels over the open, public, global Internet.
- All contents (audio, videos, photos are distributed using web-based
technology.
- Internet TV, is available online and is more likely to be free. 
- Internet TV options include Web-based shows, video on demand (VOD),
streaming video and regular television shows hosted on the channel's
websites.

- IPTV uses a private, managed network. Internet Protocol television is the

delivery of television content over Internet Protocol networks. The contents
are delivered through traditional terrestrial, satellite, and cable television
formats. Unlike downloaded media, IPTV offers the ability to stream the
source media continuously.
Broadcast media content wise

■ National hook-up

■ Provincial hook-up

■ Local programmer
National hook-up

■ ONE ORIGINATING STATION DISTRIBUTES PROGRAMMING TO MULTIPLE

STATIONS.
■ President's speech.
■ Khutba-e-hajj
 purpose

■ Extending total coverage area spared message to maximum area.

■ Good source of advertising revenue generation.
 Provincial hook-up

■ One originates from a station of province and merge with all other provincial stations.
■ Provincial government budget speech presented by provincial minister in provincial assembly.
 Local programs
■ Produced and broadcast by local stations to cater the need of local community.
■ Children programs
■ Youth magazine
■ School broadcast

Children programme
 Five Trends Shaping The Future Of Broadcasting.
linear media-oriented business models

As radio and TV continue to develop ways to adapt their linear media-

oriented business models to respond to today’s on-demand world.

A new report identifies five trends that continue to shape the broadcast
media sector.

TV has progressed from a stand-alone to a multi-platform medium with the TV

programming element being complemented by websites, online-video streaming, chat
rooms, and live events.
 The five trends changing media ecology
Revenue trend in media is the main focus of owners

1.Digital Dominates: Audio streaming

2.The Personalization Imperative
3.Programmatic Platforms Boom: (to purchase radio and
digital audio by advertisers)
4.Consolidation Gives Rise To ‘Super competitors. Mega
mergers are back, whether
5.The Development Of the Sales Organization
 
Newer Radio Technology
There have been several types of radio stations using newer radio
technology that have cropped up since about 2000 till date, satellite radio,
HD radio, and internet radio.
Satellite Radio 
Programming is beamed from earth to satellite, then sent back to earth.
(uplink and down loin) Special antennas receive the digital information
either directly from the satellite or from repeater stations which fill in gaps.
HD Radio
HD Radio Technology transmits digital audio and data alongside existing
AM and FM analog signals. As of June 2008, more than 1,700 HD radio
stations were broadcasting 2,432 HD radio channels. 
With new technology, HD radio makes your AM sounds like FM and FM
sounds like CDs
HD radio offers FM multicasting, which is the ability to broadcast multiple
program streams over a single FM frequency that has static-free, crystal-
clear reception. 
Internet Radio
Internet radio, also known as simulated broadcasting or streaming
radio, feels like radio and sounds like radio but it is not really radio by
definition. Internet radio provides the illusion of radio by separating
audio into small packets of digital information, then sending it over the
internet to another location, like a computer or smartphone, and then
reassembling the packets into one continuous stream of audio.

Podcasts are a good example of how internet radio works. Podcasts, a

combination of the words iPod and broadcast, are an episodic series of
digital media files that a user can set up so that new episodes are
automatically downloaded via web syndication to the user's local
computer or digital media player.
 REGULATORY CONTROL SYSTEM IN
BROADCASTING
3-TYPES

Regulatory wise broadcast systems

Un-regulated or deregulated broadcasting system.
Their main purpose is under this system is to make money. For this
media owner have to maximize their advertising revenue. The
government has no control of broadcast content and places few
restrictions on the operation of the broadcast media. This is therefore
referred to as an unregulated or deregulated broadcasting system.
State-regulated or "public service Media system
- allowing for variations from one country to another, a form of organization where there is careful
state regulation of the broadcast media. With variations from one country to another, national
governments will have little direct control over editorial content. They will, however, set a legislative
framework within which the broadcasters must operate. For example, broadcasters may be required to
ensure "impartiality" in their coverage of current affairs, they may be required to ensure that certain
kinds of material are not In Great Britain, for example, there is clearly no requirement that the press
should be impartial in their coverage of current affairs, unlike broadcasters.
Such systems of regulation tend to skew broadcast content away from what it would be in a
straightforward free-market system towards what is variously referred to as "quality broadcasting", "a
social responsibility model", or (especially in the UK) "public service broadcasting". It should be noted,
however, that the notion of 'public service broadcasting' has gradually been watered down in the UK,
with increased deregulation of the broadcast media and gradual relaxation of the rules on cross-media
ownership from the Broadcasting Act 1990 onwards/broadcast when young children are likely to be
watching, and so on. This system is Commonly known the European ("state-regulated", "social
responsibility" or "public service" Media system
The Eastern bloc system.
since the Eastern (or "Communist") bloc and the Soviet Union
no longer exist, this is now a somewhat outdated term. It
refers to a system in which the state exercises much more
direct control of the actual editorial content of programmes
than in Western European countries. Although the Eastern
bloc no longer exists, so-called Communist countries such as
North Korea and the People’s Republic of China still exert this
very tight control of the broadcast media, as do other similarly
authoritarian countries such as Saudi Arabia, North Korea and
so on.