WORKSHOP

EXCELLENTPENELITIAN
METODOLOGI RESEARCH ROADMAP
DAN PUBLIKASI
Dr. R. Azizah, SH., M.Kes
KPS S2 Kesehatan
Lingkungan Hp.
085851885999
Email :
FAKULTAS KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT
azizah@fkm.unair.ac.id

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RESEARCH, RESEARCH DESIGN
DAN METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

The two concepts research design and research

methodology need to be clarified firstly, in order to clear
the confusion that is often associated with their usage,
particularly by emerging researchers. Each of these
concepts is presented as a compound word, with the
concepts design and methodology attached to the noun
research. It is appropriate to first answer the question:
―What is research?

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RESEARCH, RESEARCH DESIGN
DAN METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH

According to the Oxford Advanced Learners‘

Dictionary of Current English
research (1986:720), is defined
investigationasundertaken
“systematic
in order to discover
new facts, get additional information”.
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2003) define
research as “…something that people
undertake in order to find out new things in a
systematic way, thereby increasing their
knowledge…

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RESEARCH, RESEARCH DESIGN
DAN METHODOLOGY

From the definitions of research provided above, it follows

that research is a planned activity, aimed at establishing new
facts and information about a particular phenomenon.

The research process involves the identification of a

particular problem or area of interest, translating that
problem into a research problem, collecting data, analyzing
the data and reporting the findings of the research.

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 RESEARCH, RESEARCH DESIGN
DAN METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN

Leedy (1997:195) defines research design as a plan for a

study, providing the overall framework for collecting
data. MacMillan and Schumacher (2001:166) define it as a
plan for selecting subjects, research sites, and data
collection procedures to answer the research question(s).
They further indicate that the goal of a sound research
design is to provide results that are judged to be credible.
For Durrheim (2004:29), research design is a strategic
framework for action that serves as a bridge between
research questions and the execution, or implementation
of the research strategy.

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 RESEARCH, RESEARCH DESIGN
DAN METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Schwardt (2007:195) defines research methodology as a theory of

how an inquiry should proceed. It involves analysis of the
assumptions, principles and procedures in a particular approach to
inquiry. According to Schwardt (2007), Creswell and Tashakkori
(2007), and Teddlie and Tashakkori (2007), methodologies explicate
and define the kinds of problems that are worth investigating; what
constitutes a researchable problem; testable hypotheses; how to
frame a problem in such a way that it can be investigated using
particular designs and procedures; and how to select and develop
appropriate means of collecting data.

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THE RESEARCH PROCESS ONION

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THE RESEARCH PROCESS ONION

The research process onion provides a summary of

the important issues that need to be taken into
consideration and reviewed before undertaking
any research. The different layers of the onion
serve as a basis from which to consider the
following: the philosophical orientation of the
researcher; the research approach adopted;
appropriate research strategies; the research time
lines that are under review; and the data collection
techniques employed by the researcher.

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MIXED METHODS RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY

Kemper, Springfield and Teddlie (2003)

define mixed methods design as a method
that includes both qualitative and
quantitative data collection and analysis
in parallel form (concurrent mixed
method design in which two types of data
are collected and analyzed in
sequential form).

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MIXED METHODS RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY

Bazely (2003) defines this method as the use of mixed

data (numerical and text) and alternative tools
(statistics and analysis), but apply the same method.
It is a type of research in which a researcher uses the
qualitative research paradigm for one phase of a
study and a quantitative research paradigm for
another phase of the study.

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 MIXED METHODS RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
Steps in the process of conducting a mixed methods study (Adapted from Cannon, 2004)

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 MIXED METHODS RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
Quantitative versus qualitative research: Key points in the classic debate
(Adapted from Neill, 2007)

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MIXED METHODS RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
Predispositions of quantitative and qualitative modes of inquiry
(Adapted from Glesne & Peshkin, 1992)

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WRITING A PAPER AND PUBLISHED

How to get research

published, and what
journals look for
Dr Trish Groves
Deputy editor, BMJ
WRITING A PAPER AND PUBLISHED

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WRITING A PAPER AND PUBLISHED

say something important

share your work
change practice
promote thought or
debate
educate
get into high impact journal
advance your career
Keep your job
make money
entertain/divert/amuse
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The research
question
 WRITING A PAPER AND PUBLISHED

The researcher asks a very specific question and

tests a specific hypothesis. Broad questions are
What is a usually broken into smaller, testable hypotheses or
research questions.

question?
Often called an objective or aim, though calling it a
question tends to help with focusing the hypothesis
and thinking about how to find an answer
WRITING A PAPER AND PUBLISHED
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brief literature search for previous

evidence

How to discuss with colleagues

focus your
question narrow down the question – time,
place, group

what answer do you expect to find?

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Chance - measurements are nearly always subject to

random variation. Minimise error by ensuring
adequate sample size and using statistical analysis of
the play of chance

Minimising Bias - caused by systematic variation/error in

bias and selecting patients, measuring outcomes, analysing
data – take extra care
confounding
Confounding - factors that affect the interpretation
of outcomes eg people who carry matches are more
likely to develop lung cancer, but smoking is the
confounding factor – so measure likely
confounders too
 WRITING A PAPER AND PUBLISHED

seeking their consent?

• how much will the study deviate
currentnormal
from (accepted, local) clinical practice?
Ethical • what full burden will be imposed on participants?
• what risks will participants/others be exposed to?
issues – • what benefit might participants or
the wider others
•receive?
what information will you give participants
aspects before
•how might society/future patients benefit in
time?
• might publication reveal patients’ identities?
 WRITING A PAPER AND PUBLISHED
PICO/PECO

P - who are the Patients or what’s

Exactly the Problem?
what are I or E - what is the Intervention
you or Exposure?
planning C – what is the Comparison
to do? group?
O - what is the Outcome or
endpoint?
 WRITING A PAPER AND PUBLISHED

Study
designs

Descriptive studies answer “what’s happening?” research questions

Analytic observational studies answer “why or how is it happening?”
Analytic experimental studies answer “can it work?”
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Who will do
what?
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agree authorship
before starting the
study!
 WRITING A PAPER AND PUBLISHED

these denote credit and accountability

but many authors on papers have done little

Authorship
and people’s names are left off papers
contributors
hip authors do not know the authorship criteria

contributorship statement more inclusive

 WRITING A PAPER AND PUBLISHED

Authorship credit should be based only

on
substantial contribution
conception and design,to: or data analysis
interpretation drafting the and article or
critically for important intellectual
revising
content
it and final
approval of the version to be published
Authorship
All these conditions must be met. Participation
solely in the acquisition of funding or the collection of
data does not justify authorship. All authors
included on a paper must fulfil the criteria No one
who fulfils the criteria should be excluded
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RESEARCH DESIGN

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PROCESS OF DESIGNING AND
CONDUCTING A RESEARCH
PROJECT: 1. Introduction,
Research Problems/
🞄 What--What was studOiebjde?ctives, &
🞄 What about--What
asJpuestcitfiscaotifon the subject
were studied?
🞄 What for--What is/was the
significance of the study?

🞄 What did prior

lit./2r.esLeitaerracthurseayR?eview
study conducted? 3. (Research
Methodology
sample, data
🞄 What was done--How was the
collection, measurement,
🞄 What was data analysis)
found?
🞄 So what?
🞄 What now?

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 RESEARCH
DESIGN
RESEARCH DESIGN refers to the plan, structure, and strategy of research--
the blueprint that will guide the research process.

Intriguing Observation, More Careful Studying Defining Research

Intellectual Curiosity of the Phenomenon Problem & Objectives

Building the Theoretical

Refinement of theory
Framework and the
(Inductive Reasoning) THE PROCESS OF Research Model
EMPIRICAL RESEARCH
Testing Hypo.:
Data Analysis & Developing Research
Interpretation Hypotheses

Data Coding, Developing Operational

And Definitions for
Editing Research Variables

Data Collection Sampling Design

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Types of Research
Design
🞄 Correlational
🞄 Field (survey)
🞄 Experimental
🞄 Qualitative
🞄 Meta-
analysis
Types of Research
Design

🞄 Experimental Designs
• Directly establishes cause-effect nature of relationship
between variables
• Decreases ambiguity
🞄 Laboratory vs. Field Experiment
🞄 Artificial setting with high control over variables
Types of Research
Design

Experimental Designs
Establish cause via
Manipulation
of cause (aka
treatment)
Temporal
precedence of
cause (and no
other factor)
before effect
Control of all
other
Experimental Research Desaign
Example
Types of Research
Design
🞄 Qualitative
• Non-quantitative
• Not necessarily informal data collection (cf.
Saks)
• Examples
🞄 Interview/focus group transcripts
🞄 Some kinds of observational/archival data
🞄 Critical incidents methodology
• Helps in
🞄 Formulating hypotheses
🞄 Deeper/richer understanding of
phenomena
🞄 Interpret organization-specific results
Types of Research
Design
🞄 Meta Analysis
• Statistically combines results of existing
research to estimate overall size of relation
between variables
• Helps in
🞄 Developing theory
🞄 Identifying research needs,
🞄 Establishing validity/effectiveness of HR
tools
• Can replace large-scale research studies
• Better than literature reviews
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PRISMA FLOW DIAGRAM

PRISMA diagram v2.pdf (cochrane.org)

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PRAKTEK META ANALISIS

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SITASI DAN PARAFRASE

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PRISMA FLOW DIAGRAM

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 HARMONISASI

Terima
Kasih

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