SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

Software Architectures in the context

of software life cycle
 SDLC MODELS
1. Waterfall
2. Iterative
3. Spiral
4. V-model
5. Big Bang
6. Agile
7. RAD
8. Prototype
 SDLC MODELS
Iterative is an English name that means a
1. Waterfall rule that can be applied repeatedly i.e.
2. Iterative something that applies repetition.
3. Spiral An Iterative lifecycle model does not
4. V-model attempt to start with a full specification of
requirements. The development begins by
5. Big Bang specifying and implementing just part of
6. Agile the software, which can then be reviewed
in order to identify further requirements.
7. RAD This process is then repeated, producing a
8. Prototype new version of the software for each cycle
of the model.
 SDLC MODELS
For example
1. Waterfall
2. Iterative
3. Spiral
4. V-model
5. Big Bang In the diagram shown, when creating the diagram, a
rough sketch of the final product is made in one iteration,
6. Agile then it is reviewed and improved in the next iteration and
so on until it’s finished. As shown above, in the the first
7. RAD iteration, the whole painting is sketched roughly, then in
the second iteration colors are filled and in the third
8. Prototype iteration finishing is done, hence in the iterative model,
the whole product is developed step by step
 SDLC MODELS
In the Iterative model, the iterative
1. Waterfall process starts with a simple
2. Iterative implementation of a small set of the
software requirements and iteratively
3. Spiral enhances the evolving versions until the
4. V-model complete system is implemented and ready
to be deployed
5. Big Bang In each iteration, design modifications are
6. Agile made and new functional capabilities are
added. The basic idea behind this method
7. RAD is to develop a system through repeated
8. Prototype cycles (iterative) and in smaller portions at
a time (incremental).
 SDLC MODELS
cont: Iterative process
1. Waterfall
-During software development, more than one
2. Iterative iteration of the software development cycle may be
in progress at the same time. This process may be
3. Spiral described as an "evolutionary acquisition" or
"incremental build" approach.
4. V-model - This whole approach is divided into various
builds where, during each iteration, the
5. Big Bang development module goes through the
requirements, design, implementation and testing
6. Agile phases.
7. RAD -Each of the module released afterwards adds
function to the previous release. The process
8. Prototype continues till the complete system is ready as per
the requirement
 SDLC MODELS
Illustration 1 of the iterative and
1. Waterfall incremental model
2. Iterative
3. Spiral
4. V-model
5. Big Bang
6. Agile
7. RAD
8. Prototype
 SDLC MODELS
Illustration 2 of the iterative and
1. Waterfall incremental model
2. Iterative
3. Spiral
4. V-model
5. Big Bang
6. Agile
7. RAD
8. Prototype
 SDLC MODELS
Stages of an Iterative Model
1. Waterfall
2. Iterative
3. Spiral
4. V-model
5. Big Bang
6. Agile
7. RAD
8. Prototype
 SDLC MODELS
Stages of an Iterative Model
1. Waterfall
2. Iterative
3. Spiral
Analysis
4. V-model This is a systematic
exploration of the
5. Big Bang way things are and
the way things should
6. Agile be. The difference is
the performance gap
7. RAD
8. Prototype
 SDLC MODELS
Stages of an Iterative Model
1. Waterfall
2. Iterative
3. Spiral
Design
4. V-model If during the analysis,
a performance gap is
5. Big Bang identified, the design
phase will outline the
6. Agile performance
objectives
7. RAD
8. Prototype
 SDLC MODELS
Stages of an Iterative Model
1. Waterfall
2. Iterative
3. Spiral
Develop
4. V-model Use the information
that you have
5. Big Bang gathered in the
Analysis and |Design
6. Agile phase then create a
performance solution
7. RAD
8. Prototype
 SDLC MODELS
Stages of an Iterative Model
1. Waterfall
2. Iterative
3. Spiral
4. V-model
Implement
5. Big Bang This stage includes
delivery of the
6. Agile performance
solution
7. RAD
8. Prototype
 SDLC MODELS
Stages of an Iterative Model
1. Waterfall
2. Iterative
3. Spiral Evaluate
4. V-model This is a
measurement of
5. Big Bang how well the
performance
solution was able
6. Agile to achieve the
objectives
7. RAD
8. Prototype
 SDLC MODELS
Application of the Iterative Model
This model is most often used in the following
1. Waterfall scenarios −
2. Iterative - Where the requirements of the complete system
are clearly defined and understood.
3. Spiral - Where major requirements must be defined;
however, some functionalities or requested
4. V-model enhancements may evolve with time.
- There is a time to the market constraint.
5. Big Bang - A new technology is being used and is being
learnt by the development team while working on
6. Agile the project.
Where the resources with needed skill sets are not
7. RAD available and are planned to be used on contract
8. Prototype basis for specific iterations.
- Where there are some high-risk features and
goals which may change in the future.
 SDLC MODELS
1. Waterfall Advantages of the Iterative and Incremental
SDLC Model
2. Iterative 1. Some working functionality can be developed
quickly and early in the life cycle.
3. Spiral 2. Results are obtained early and periodically.
3. Parallel development can be planned.
4. V-model 4. Progress can be measured.
5. Big Bang 5. Less costly to change the scope/requirements.
6. Testing and debugging during smaller iteration is
6. Agile easy.
7. Risks are identified and resolved during
7. RAD iteration; and each iteration is an easily managed
milestone.
8. Prototype .
 SDLC MODELS
cont: Advantages of the Iterative and
1. Waterfall Incremental SDLC Model
8. Easier to manage risk - High risk part is done
2. Iterative first.
9. With every increment, operational product is
3. Spiral delivered.
10. Issues, challenges and risks identified from
4. V-model each increment can be utilized/applied to the next
5. Big Bang increment.
11. Risk analysis is better.
6. Agile 12. It supports changing requirements.
13. Initial Operating time is less.
7. RAD 14. Better suited for large and mission-critical
projects.
8. Prototype 15 During the life cycle, software is produced early
which facilitates customer evaluation and feedback.
 SDLC MODELS
Disadvantages of the Iterative and Incremental
SDLC Model
1. Waterfall 1. More resources may be required.
2. Although cost of change is lesser, but it is not
2. Iterative very suitable for changing requirements.
3. More management attention is required.
3. Spiral 4. System architecture or design issues may arise
because not all requirements are gathered in the
4. V-model beginning of the entire life cycle.
5. Defining increments may require definition of
5. Big Bang the complete system.
6. Not suitable for smaller projects.
6. Agile 7. Management complexity is more.
8. End of project may not be known which is a risk.
7. RAD 9. Highly skilled resources are required for risk
8. Prototype analysis.
10 Projects progress is highly dependent upon the
risk analysis phase
 SDLC MODELS

1. Waterfall The spiral model is an evolutionary software

2. Iterative process model which is a combination of iterative
nature of prototyping and controlled and systematic
3. Spiral aspects of the traditional waterfall model.
It is similar to the incremental model, with more
4. V-model emphasis placed on risk analysis. A software
project repeatedly passes through these phases in
5. Big Bang iterations (called spirals in this model). The
baseline spiral starts in the planning phase,
6. Agile requirements are gathered and risk is assessed.
Each of the subsequent spirals builds on the
7. RAD baseline spiral
8. Prototype
 SDLC MODELS

1. Waterfall
This model was originally proposed by Boehm in
2. Iterative his 1988 article. It provides the potential for rapid
development of incremental versions of the
3. Spiral software.
4. V-model In this model, software development takes place in
5. Big Bang a series of developed releases. In the initial stage
iterations, the release or model might be a paper
6. Agile model or a prototype. In the later stages, a complete
version of the software is produced.
7. RAD
8. Prototype
 SDLC MODELS

1. Waterfall
2. Iterative
5
3. Spiral 4 1
4. V-model 3
6

5. Big Bang 2
8 7
6. Agile
7. RAD
8. Prototype
 SDLC MODELS

1. Waterfall Phases of a spiral model

2. Iterative
3. Spiral Phases
i. Planning
ii. Risk Analysis
iii. Engineering 5
4 1
iv. Evaluation
6
1. Planning 3
Here, requirements are 2
4. V-model gathered during the 8 7
5. Big Bang planning phase.
6. Agile Requirements such as: BRS-
Business Requirement
7. RAD
Specifications
8. Prototype
 SDLC MODELS

1. Waterfall Phases of a spiral model

2. Iterative
3. Spiral Phases
i. Planning
ii. Risk Analysis
iii. Engineering 5
4 1
iv. Evaluation
2. Risk Analysis 6
3
This process is undertaken to 2
4. V-model identify risk and alternate 8 7
5. Big Bang solution. A prototype is
produced at the end of the risk
6. Agile
analysis phase. If any risk is
7. RAD found during the risk analysis,
8. Prototype then alternate solutions are
suggested and implemented
 SDLC MODELS

1. Waterfall Phases of a spiral model

2. Iterative
3. Spiral Phases
i. Planning
ii. Risk Analysis
iii. Engineering 5
4 1
iv. Evaluation
6
3. Engineering 3
In this phase, software is 2
4. V-model 8 7
developed along with testing
5. Big Bang at the end of the phase.
6. Agile Hence in this phase, the
7. RAD development and testing is
done
8. Prototype
 SDLC MODELS

1. Waterfall Phases of a spiral model

2. Iterative
3. Spiral Phases
i. Planning
ii. Risk Analysis
iii. Engineering 5
4 1
iv. Evaluation
6
3
4. Evaluation 2
4. V-model 8 7
This phase allows the customer
5. to
Bigevaluate
Bang the output of the
6. Agile
project to date before the
7. project
RAD continues to the next
spiral
8. Prototype
 SDLC MODELS

1. Waterfall
When to use the Spiral Model
2. Iterative 1. When costs and risk evaluation is important
2. For medium to high risk projects
3. Spiral 3. When users are unsure of their needs
4. When the requirements are complex
4. V-model 5. When significant changes are expected
5. Big Bang 6. When there is new product line

6. Agile
7. RAD
8. Prototype
 SDLC MODELS

1. Waterfall
2. Iterative
Application of The Spiral Model
3. Spiral 1. Used mostly in large projects
2. Used for smaller projects where the concept of
4. V-model Agile software development is becoming a
5. Big Bang viable alternative
3. When business goals are unstable
6. Agile
7. RAD
8. Prototype
 SDLC MODELS

1. Waterfall
Advantages of The Spiral Model
2. Iterative 1. Changing requirements can be accommodated
2. It allows for extensive use of prototypes
3. Spiral 3. The requirements can be captured more
accurately
4. V-model 4. Users see the system early
5. There is an early and frequent feedback from
5. Big Bang users
6. Agile 6. There is a strong approval and documentation

7. RAD
8. Prototype
 SDLC MODELS

1. Waterfall
Disadvantages of The Spiral Model
2. Iterative 1. May be a costly model to use
3. Spiral 2. The end of project may not be known early
3. It may not be suitable for small or low risk
4. V-model projects and could be expensive for small
projects
5. Big Bang 4. The process is complex
5. It may go on indefinitely
6. Agile 6. The risk assessment expertise is required

7. RAD
8. Prototype