07 - Bearings and Bushings

07 – Bearings and Bushings
07 – Bearings and Bushings Author : IMS Staff Creation date : 12 Dec.2012 Classification : D3
Presentation : IMS – Tech Managers Conference Author : IMS Staff Creation date : 08 March 2012 Classification : D3 Conservation : Page : 1
The intent of this presentation is to present enough information to provide the reader with a
fundamental knowledge of bearings and bushings used within Michelin and to better understand
basic system and equipment operations.
General Information
Bearings and Their Categories
Generalities
A bearing is a mechanical device and it is important to know its various components.
KEY
1) Inner race. 7)
Side of inner race.
2) Inner race chamfer. 8)
Side of outer race.
3) Inner race track. 9)
Cylindrical roller.
4) Outer race track. 10)
Cylindrical roller track
5) Outer race.
11) Outer race.
6) Ball.
12) Cage
Categories of bearings
When in operation, a shaft is subjected to

axial and radial forces which tend to push it
away from its axis center. Bearings are
positioned to resist to these forces and
maintain the shaft in proper equilibrium.

Manufacturers have grouped bearings under
two headings, on the basis of the forces
being encountered: radial bearings and axial
bearings.
Radial bearings
Radial bearings are made with balls or rollers, depending on the

how the bearings are used. They are designed to withstand
forces that are perpendicular to the axis of the shaft.
Axial bearings
Axial bearings, also known as thrust bearings, have

either balls or rollers, but both are designed to
withstand axial forces, which push or pull along the
axis.
The following chart shows different

Bearing Identification Codes
bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb
In the precision and play (clearance) suffixes, "P" refers to the tolerances of each bearing component and "C"
refers to the precision of radial play between the rolling element and the race (track).
Internal Clearance
The internal clearance has a direct impact on the tightness of the bearing around the shaft. Therefore, one must
replace a bearing by another of the same type with the same dimensions and clearance.
Does NOT apply to Conical Bore bearings on adapter sleeves

This chart is an example of differences between the various clearance codes.
It explains the precision variance pertaining to the radial clearance for an identical bearing, but with a different
degree of precision. The normal clearance is the standard manufacturing clearance.

Conversion of values into the imperial system

To convert into inches the values shown in microns (SI), simply divided the microns by 25.4.

1 thousandth of an inch = 25.4 microns and 1 micron ‑ 0.001 mm
Major Rules of Bearing Maintenance

Bearing components have highly ‑precise surface finish and shape; therefore they are extremely sensitive to
external forces. This is why it is imperative that they always be handled with utmost care.

Storing

Bearings must remain in their original packing material until installation time. The packing material must be
removed only on the installation site and just prior to installation. Bearings must be stored in a dry place,
away from the cold. Otherwise, they could gum up and corrode. They must always be stored flat.

NOTE: Do not store bearings in any area that also contains corrosive chemicals, such as acid, ammonia or
bleaching lime.

Rules pertaining to the handling of bearings

work with clean and approved tools in a clean environment
handle bearings with clean and dry hands or with clean canvas gloves
work on a metal table or a table covered with metal
carefully handle a used bearing as a new one, until it is clear that the bearing is defective
use clean solvents
put the bearing on a clean surface
protect removed bearings against humidity and dirt
if necessary, wipe the bearing with a clean, lint ‑free cloth
keep the bearing in waxed paper when it is not being used
clean the shaft or the housing before installing the bearing
install new bearings right from its packing material; do not wash a bearing that comes out of a sealed
container
use only clean lubricating material on a bearing and keep lubricant containers closed when they are not
being used
Inspection

Once a bearing has been removed, inspect it. First, it needs to be
cleaned in a non‑flammable solvent, then dried carefully with a clean,
lint‑free cloth or with low‑pressure compressed air (for safety reasons,
make sure that no components of the bearing are set in motion).
Examine the rings and the rolling components to look for possible
deterioration.
Cleaning of a bearing
Bearings that are protected by joints or flanges must never be
cleaned. For obvious reasons, they cannot be inspected.
To make sure that the rolling noise is normal, spin the outer
ring.
A bearing that has not suffered deterioration, is free of

imprints, cracks and flaking, and its rotation is regular, without
excessive radial play can be reinstalled without danger.
Bearing verification
Single Row Ball Bearing vs. a Plain Bushing
Generalities
Advantages of a bearing:
1. Reduces friction
2. Axial space requirements are small
3. Reduced maintenance
4. Ease of replacement
5. Prevents wear on the shaft and housing
Disadvantages of a bearing:
1. Requires more radial space

2. Less loading over the same I.D. bushing
NOTE: When using bearings over bushings, we

give up heavy loading for higher RPM’s
Pre-Lubricated Sintered Bronze Bushings (“Oilite”)
This Oilite bushing is manufactured using metallurgical

powder techniques in order to have a porous material. It
takes on the form of a metallic sponge, all the pores of
which communicate with each other and the surface.
This porosity accounts for 30% of the volume of the part;
and it is impregnated with a hydrocarbon oil.
Manufacturing of the bushing
Powder agglomeration: The powders are cold compressed in a mold (copper powders, tin powders, iron
powders, etc.).
Sintering: The parts are baked.
Calibration: This is to compensate for the deformation caused during the sintering process.
Impregnation: Oil is forced into the pores in a vacuum.
Fits:
Tolerance on the housing: H7
Tolerance on the shaft: f7 or g6
Putting bushings in place
Use a perfectly cylindrical polished mandrel. (Once the operation has been completed, give the tools back to the
crib having greased them)
Material supplied by the tool crib for installing
a bushing with a press
1. Put washer 1 on mandrel 2
2. Slide the bushing onto the mandrel
3. Push into the part using the press 1 2
Remember the Fits are:
Tolerance on the housing: H7
Tolerance on the shaft: f7 or g6
Removal of a mandrel
Mount the extractor upon the fitted assembly.

Turn the screw until the mandrel is completely removed.
Utilization of these bushings:
Low rotational speed

High radial load
No axial movement
No alternating movement
Note: These bushings should be mounted with a mandrel only, and

should never be reamed to size, due to the fact that reaming will
shear the sintered bronze spheres and the burrs will tend to
clog the lubrication passages.
Teflon Impregnated Bronze Bushings (DU Bushing)
Definition
Different plastics are used for bushings; among these, is

polytetrafluorethylene (called P.T.F.E. or Teflon), the most widely used.
This type of bushing has the advantage of combining the excellent frictional
properties of P.T.F.E. It is not a self-lubricating friction material, for it runs
without lubricant. However, no difficulty is caused by the presence of a
lubricant which can even often be a positive additive.
Composition

This bushing is composed of three layers:
A support made of sheet steel, tinned to protect it from corrosion.

An intermediary layer of sintered bronze mixed with P.T.F.E. and fine lead powder
A surface layer which is a mixture of Teflon and a fine lead powder, approximately 25 µ meters thick.
Different parts
Parts made of this combination of materials may be:
rolled bushings
thrust washers
flat strips
Fits
Tolerance on the housing: J7 or H6

Tolerance on the shaft: h6 or h8
Fitting of a DU bushing using a press
Mandrel
Lightly grease the outside of the DU bushing
After using the mandrel Chamfer the housing
carefully grease it and
Press bushing into housing
return it to the tool crib.
DU Bushing
Note: These bushings are used to meet the following conditions:
 Reduced speed
 Heavy load
 Longitudinal movement
 Alternating movement
The bore of these bushings must not be burnished or modified in any

other way.
Installation techniques
Removal of bearings
Great care must be taken when removing a bearing that will be used again.
Preliminaries
Before undertaking the removal of a bearing, the shaft and the bearing housing must be thoroughly cleaned. It
also matters that reference points be noted regarding the position of the installed bearing (taking measurements
with a ruler, for instance). It is also important to take down the number of the bearing so as to replace it, if
necessary, by an identical one, or by an equivalent bearing approved by the company.
Tools
There are three major families of tools used in removing a bearing:
mechanical extractors or hydraulic rings;

mechanical or hydraulic presses;
hammer and proper support (bushes and pipes).
Removal tools
Removal Tools
Extractors
Extractors are tools which help remove bearing through a pulling action.
Mechanical extractors
Mechanical extractors use the shaft as a support and their screw to pull away the bearing.
Examples of mechanical extractors
Hydraulic extractor
The hydraulic extractor is the most powerful extraction system for bearings. Some models can apply a number
of tons of pressure. It works by gripping the bearing and then applying pressure on the shaft.
Hydraulic extractors
NOTE: It is very important to leave the nut on the shaft, but it does need to be loosened by a couple of turns.
Presses
Presses are used when one can use the bearing as a

support and apply pressure against the shaft to separate it
from the bearing. They are usually mounted on a
workbench and the pressure is applied mechanically (rack)
or hydraulically.
Example of press use
Hammer and supports
When neither an extractor nor a press will do the job, the bearing can be removed with a hammer. The figure
below shows two methods of removal with a hammer. It shows that the impact of the hammer is distributed over
the entire surface of the bearing. Please note that the hammer does not strike the shaft directly, but a piece of
soft metal is placed against it.
Examples of hammer use
These diagrams show that:
 when the bearing is installed on a shaft, support

is taken on the inner ring
 when the bearing is lodged in a housing, support

is taken on the outer ring
NOTE: If the bearing held both in a housing and on a ring, one should, if possible, support
simultaneously the inner and outer rings. If this cannot be done, try to support the tighter of the two rings.
Basic technique
Removing a bearing is not a complicated operation. The only difficult thing is to avoid damaging it, so that it
can be used again.
As shown before, the bearing is equipped with an inner ring and an outer ring. Usually, pressure is exerted on
only one of the two rings during removal. Therefore, the pressure is applied on the ring where the support is
the greatest.
Ring support
Installation of bearings
In order for a bearing to work properly and last as long as it is intended to last, correct installation methods and
the observance of work area cleanliness are of paramount importance.
Preliminaries
It is important to inspect carefully all components that pertain to the installation; to verify that the shape and
dimension of the shaft face and of the housing are exact, since damage may have occurred during removal; to
clean the shaft and shoulder; to examine the gaskets and to replace those that are worn or damaged.
Tools
Special tools have been devised to install bearings.
Various installation bushings
There are a variety of installation bushings, depending on the type of bearing. If you do not have the specific
bushing that is required to install a particular bearing, it is preferable that one be made. It could prove useful
when installing other bearings of the same kind.
Hydraulic presses
There are a number of models of hydraulic presses:

some are designed specifically for bearing installation,
while others have a more widespread use.
Annular‑piston presses

When a large swivel‑joint roller bearing has to be installed, it is
preferable, when adjusting the tightness, to use an
annular‑piston press rather than a spanner wrench and a
locknut. The work performed with such a press is faster, safer
and more precise.
Installation nuts
Locknuts equipped with a lock clip as well as lock washers are required installation accessories. The locknut is
used to tighten the bearing during the adjustment operation, while the lock washer is used to maintain the
tightened locknut in position.
Typical designations:
KM 4 Nut + MB 4 Washer (metric)
KM Nut MB Washer
Tight adjustment on the shaft
When a bearing has to be tightly fitted onto the shaft, it is advisable to put
a little bit of low-viscosity oil on the shaft face, so as to avoid damaging
the shaft during installation.
Tight adjustment
Small bearings can be installed with an installation bushing or a tube.

The tube must be clean and have flat and parallel surfaces, as well as
right angle ends. Position the tool against the inner ring and strike
evenly all around with an ordinary hammer (not one made of lead or
other soft metals, because small fragments could chip off).
Installation bushings NOTE: Make sure that the bearing is not in an oblique (cocked) position
relative to the shaft.
If a mechanical or hydraulic press is available, it can be used for installing
small or medium bearings.
Hydraulic press
Bearings are easier to install if they are heated to a

temperature of 80 to 120°C (170 to 250°F). Make
sure that the temperature does not exceed 120°C.
The most appropriate heating method is to use an oil
bath. The oil must be clean and have a flash point
greater than 250°C. The bearing must not touch the
bottom of the container.
Heating of a bearing using an

Oil Bath
NOTE: There is a compound which will ensure that the bearing
will not be heated at more than 120°C (cutting oil).
The bearing can also be heated by electric flux density. To

determine the temperature, one can either use special chalks
that melt at given temperatures, or read a thermocouple
mounted on the device.
Once the bearing has been heated, a number of precautions need to be taken, namely:
use of clean safety gloves or rags to keep the bearing clean;

removal of oil that could remain in the inner ring or wiping of the bore;
quick positioning of the bearing;
firm hold on the bearing against the shoulder until it has sufficiently cooled.
Positioning of a bearing
Tight adjustment into the housing
If the bearing needs to be held tightly inside the housing, it is preferable

to apply a thin coat of oil on the bearing's surface. An installation
bushing or a clean tube must be used (placed against the outer ring).
NOTE: Make sure that the bearing is not positioned obliquely (cocked)
in the housing.
One can also use a mechanical or a hydraulic press.
Adjustment inside a housing
Sometimes, it is necessary to heat the housing to be able to

position it. One can use an electric light bulb or hot oil.
Heating of housing
Bearings on a sleeve
The inner ring of conical bore bearings is always tight fitted, usually on an
adapter sleeve or a withdrawal sleeve.
Conical-sleeve bearing
Place the adapter sleeve on the shaft at

the position noted before removal.
Sleeve
Before positioning the bearing, the radial play must be determined with the
blade of a thickness gauge.
Just before installation, remove the rust

Initial play
proofing compound from the bearing.
Put the bearing and the locknut on the
shaft, then tighten the locknut, using
the appropriate wrench, so as to affix
the bearing around the shaft. The lock
washer must be installed only once the
proper tightness has been reached.
Tightening
After this, regularly check the decrease in play during the positioning.
The measurement must be made in that segment of the bearing which
is not carrying the load.
The mechanic will have to follow the recommendations given on the

following charts to ensure maximum performance.
Checking the play
Radial play
Bore diameter
d C2 Normal C3 C4
over up to min. max. min. max. min. max. min. max.
mm mm
30 40 0.025 0.035 0.035 0.050 0.050 0.065 0.065 0.085
40 50 0.030 0.045 0.045 0.060 0.060 0.080 0.080 0.100
50 65 0.040 0.055 0.055 0.075 0.075 0.095 0.095 0.120
65 80 0.050 0.070 0.070 0.095 0.095 0.120 0.120 0.150
80 100 0.055 0.080 0.080 0.110 0.110 0.140 0.140 0.180
100 120 0.065 0.100 0.100 0.135 0.135 0.170 0.170 0.220
120 140 0.080 0.120 0.120 0.160 0.160 0.200 0.200 0.260
140 160 0.090 0.130 0.130 0.180 0.180 0.230 0.230 0.300
160 180 0.100 0.140 0.140 0.200 0.200 0.260 0.260 0.340
180 200 0.110 0.160 0.160 0.220 0.220 0.290 0.290 0.370
200 225 0.120 0.180 0.180 0.250 0.250 0.320 0.320 0.410
225 250 0.140 0.200 0.200 0.270 0.270 0.350 0.350 0.450
250 280 0.150 0.220 0.220 0.300 0.300 0.390 0.390 0.490
280 315 0.170 0.240 0.240 0.330 0.330 0.430 0.430 0.540
315 355 0.190 0.270 0.270 0.360 0.360 0.460 0.470 0.590
355 400 0.210 0.300 0.300 0.400 0.400 0.520 0.520 0.650
400 450 0.230 0.330 0.330 0.440 0.440 0.570 0.570 0.720
450 500 0.260 0.370 0.370 0.490 0.490 0.630 0.630 0.790
500 560 0.290 0.410 0.410 0.540 0.540 0.680 0.680 0.870
560 630 0.320 0.460 0.460 0.600 0.600 0.760 0.760 0.980
630 710 0.350 0.510 0.510 0.670 0.670 0.850 0.850 1.090
710 800 0.390 0.570 0.570 0.750 0.750 0.960 0.960 1.220
800 900 0.440 0.640 0.640 0.840 0.840 1.070 1.070 1.370
900 1 000 0.490 0.710 0.710 0.930 0.930 1.190 1.190 1.520
1 000 1 120 0.530 0.770 0.770 1.030 1.030 1.300 1.300 1.670
1 120 1 250 0.570 0.830 0.830 1.120 1.120 1.420 1.420 1.830
For bearing sizes 04 to 96, the diameter on the smaller side of the bore, in millimeters,
corresponds to five times the size number. For bearing sizes 500 and above, the size
number corresponds to the bore diameter on the smaller side of the tapered bore
Example:
Bearing 22244CCK/C3W33 (bore diameter of 220 mm) to be installed on conical shaft.
1. Measure the initial play using calibrated blades. The above

chart shows that the initial play will be between 0.250 and
0.320 mm.
2. Using a locknut (or other equivalent means), push the

bearing on its conical shaft until the play is brought down to
the value shown in the following chart
Bore diameter Reduction of radial Axial * positioning Acceptable residual play
d play Conicity 1:12 after assembly with initial
play
over up to min. max. min. max. Normal C3 C4
mm mm mm mm
30 40 0.020 0.025 0.35 0.4 0.015 0.025 0.040
40 50 0.0250. 0.030 0.4 0.45 0.020 0.030 0.050
50 65 030 0.040 0.45 0.6 0.025 0.035 0.055
65 80 0.040 0.050 0.6 0.75 0.025 0.040 0.070
80 100 0.045 0.060 0.7 0.9 0.035 0.050 0.080
100 120 0.050 0.070 0.75 1.1 0.050 0.065 0.100
120 140 0.065 0.090 1.1 1.4 0.055 0.080 0.110
140 160 0.075 0.100 1.2 1.6 0.055 0.090 0.130
160 180 0.080 0.110 1.3 1.7 0.060 0.100 0.150
180 200 0.090 0.130 1.4 2.0 0.070 0.100 0.160
200 225 0.100 0.140 1.6 2.2 0.080 0.120 0.180
225 250 0.110 0.150 1.7 2.4 0.090 0.130 0.200
250 280 0.120 0.170 1.9 2.7 0.100 0.140 0.220
280 315 0.130 0.190 2.0 3.0 0.110 0.150 0.240
315 355 0.150 0.210 2.4 3.3 0.120 0.170 0.260
355 400 0.170 0.230 2.6 3.6 0.130 0.190 0.290
400 450 0.200 0.260 3.1 4.0 0.130 0.200 0.310
450 500 0.210 0.280 3.3 4.4 0.160 0.230 0.350
500 560 0.240 0.320 3.7 5.0 0.170 0.250 0.360
560 630 0.260 0.350 4.0 5.4 0.200 0.290 0.410
630 710 0.300 0.400 4.6 6.2 0.210 0.310 0.450
710 800 0.340 0.450 5.3 7.0 0.230 0.350 0.510
800 900 0.370 0.500 5.7 7.8 0.270 0.390 0.570
900 1 000 0.410 0.550 6.3 8.5 0.300 0.430 0.640
1 000 1 120 0.450 0.600 6.8 9.0 0.320 0.480 0.700
1 120 1 250 0.490 0.650 7.4 9.8 0.340 0.540 0.770
* Valid only with solid steel shafts.
Bearing Failures
Main Causes Of Bearing Failure And Stoppages
Causes
Premature failure is generally caused by one or more of the following:
 contamination
 misalignment
 incorrect lubrication
 flow of an electric current through the bearing
 Distortion
 incorrect adjustment
 vibration when the bearing is not in motion
 poor maintenance practices.
Contamination
Contamination is defined as any foreign substance

causing damage to the bearing. Humidity or an abrasive,
such as sand or dust, will cause premature failure. The
figure to the right shows scratches caused by grains of
sand (a) and rust caused by humidity (b).This kind of
failure can be avoided by using the appropriate lubricant,
by keeping the bearing clean during handling and by
using seals that are clean and free of damage.
Contamination
Distortion
When the shaft or the housing has been distorted, the bearing can
wear out faster. If the shaft or the housing is no longer round, the
rolling parts of the bearing will be subjected to extra pressure where
the shaft or the housing is too large. This will cause cavities on the
running surface. This problem can be solved by correcting the shaft
or the housing. If neither can be repaired, the defective parts will
have to be replaced.
Distortion
Misalignment
Misalignment can be caused by a shaft that has been

twisted, by shoulders that are not square, by a
housing that is not parallel or by foreign objects caught
between the bearing and its support. The figure to the
right shows the classic consequence of misalignment:
notice the path that the balls follow.
The cause of such misalignment must be determined

and corrected, otherwise the same problem will
appear with the new bearing.
Misalignment
Incorrect adjustment
The figure to the left shows a failure caused by an incorrect

alignment. The example shows that the inner ring is broken; this is
the result of forcing a bearing onto a shaft that is too large.
Incorrect lubrication
Figure (a) shows an example of smeared metal.

This happens when the rolling components
slide instead of roll, which stems from over or
under lubrication
Figure (b) shows a rusted bearing, which happens when

humidity enters the lubricant and causes the bearing to rust.
Then the rust is mixed with the lubricant, which creates an
abrasive compound. It is imperative to use the proper lubricant
and to apply the appropriate amount.
(b)
Vibration in the absence of motion
This figure shows a bearing damaged by vibrations while it was not in

motion. This is referred to as False Brinelling. This kind of stress will
quickly break a bearing.
Vibration
Flow of an electric current through a bearing
When an electric current flows through a bearing in motion, it

causes electric arcs. These, in turn, melt the metal, which leads
to failure. Such electric currents are usually produced by electric
arc welding where the ground goes through the bearing.
Electric current
Poor maintenance practices
If improper practices are adopted

when installing or removing a
bearing, failures may occur.
Incorrect practices
Consequences of too small or too worn a shaft
It is imperative that a bearing be installed on the

appropriate shaft and housing. Shafts that are too small
or housings that are too large accelerate the failure of
bearings. When the shaft is too small, the inner ring turns
freely; when the housing is too large, the outer ring is not
adjusted enough. In both cases, there is heating, scoring
of the components subjected to rubbing and finally
cracks, all of which accelerate the failure.
Too small a shaft
Causes of incorrect installation
Misalignment will impart abnormal tension of the housing. Indeed, this condition, as well as incorrect lubrication,
are the two major causes of problems. This leads to a rolling groove which is not parallel to the edge of the
groove. When the rolling groove caused by misalignment is carved on the outer ring (the case there the inner
ring turns), this means that the housing bore is not parallel to the shaft. If the rolling groove is carved on the
inner ring, this means that the ring is caught against the shaft, or that the shaft shoulder is not perpendicular to
the support surface, or that the shaft is curved.
Causes of incorrect tolerance
The space between the shoulders must be figured out in function of the exact distance between the bearing
shoulders on the shaft; otherwise, there will be an excessive axial thrust on the bearing, which will lead to
premature wear.
Bearing Identification
Bearings Categories
Most bearings can be classified under one of three groups.
 Radial bearings
 Axial bearings (Thrust bearings)
 Dual-purpose bearings
Bearing Identification
Radial bearings have either balls or rollers and are designed to withstand
forces that are perpendicular to the axis of the shaft.
Axial bearings, also known as thrust bearings, can have either balls or
rollers and are designed to withstand forces that push or pull in-line with the
axis of the shaft.
Dual-purpose bearings can have either balls or rollers and are designed to withstand a combination of radial,
axial, and angular forces.
The following are some common bearings used in industry and their functions.
Radial bearings and their functions
Ball bearings
Name Function
Single Row Ball Designed mainly to support high speed and
Bearing radial loads, but can also take a bit of axial
load.
Name Function
Single Row Ball Designed to take a higher radial load than a
Bearing with standard Single Row Ball Bearing. However,
filling notch. the filling notch prevents the support of axial
loads.
(Maxiball)
Name Function
Double Row Ball These bearings have the same feature as the
Bearing single‑row bearings, but can take heavier
radial loads.
Roller and Needle Bearings
Name Function
Cylindrical Roller These bearings can withstand high radial

Bearing loads and function at high speeds.
Name Function
Needle Bearing To take moderate radial loads and use less

radial space
Note: As a general rule, a “Needle Bearing” is defined as having the length of its rollers at least 3 times as long
as their diameter.
Needle Bearings can come with a removable inner race, a removable outer race, or with an outer race only.
In the case of an outer race only, the shaft on which the bearing rides, must have a hardened bearing journal
diameter.
Double Row Self-aligning Ball Bearing
Name Function
Double row Particularly suited to compensate for
Self‑aligning Ball installation defects or shaft bending
Bearing
Spherical Roller Bearing
Name Function
Spherical Roller Designed to support heavy loads. Cope with
Bearing alignment defect or shaft bending
Axial bearings and their functions (Also called Thrust Bearings)
Thrust ball bearings
Name Function
Single row thrust Designed to support axial loads in one
direction. Does not support radial loads.
Ball bearing
Name Function
Double row thrust Designed to support axial loads in both
directions. Does not support radial loads.
Ball bearing
Thrust cylindrical roller bearings
Name Function
Roller Thrust Designed to support very high axial loads.
Bearing Little sensitivity to shocks and space saving.
Dual-Purpose Bearings and their functions

Dual-Purpose Bearings are designed to support a combination of radial, axial, and angular loads.
Single-row Angular contact ball bearing
Name Function
Single row angular Support radial loads and axial loads in one
contact ball direction only.
bearing.
Double-row Angular contact ball bearing
Name Function

Double row Support radial loads and axial loads in both
angular contact directions.
ball bearing.
Tapered Roller Bearing
Name Function
Tapered Roller Support radial loads and axial loads in one
Bearing direction only. Typically used in pairs.
Strongest bearing for combined loads.
Bearing Symbols
The following is a list of Bearing symbols typically found on Assembly drawings.
Fill these out using
Handbook pages 39 to 44
Designed to support
Single Row high speed and radial
Good
1 1 ±15’
Fair
Ball load, but can also take
Bearing a bit of axial load
Excellent
Fair
0.88 1.08 ±3’
Excellent
Fair
0.75 1.47 0º
Fair
Fair
0.94 0.9 ±4º

1
0.75
0.30
0.32
0
0
Excellent Good
Excellent in Excellent Good in Good in

both in one both one
directions direction directions direction
2.17
1.82
1.42
1.19
0º
0º
0º
0º
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.63
Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent
Poor in
0
0
Fair one
direction
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.92
±5’
±5’
±5’
±1º
Good
0.88 0 0.94 ±2’
Good
0.88 0 0.94 ±2’
Good in one
direction
Good
0.63 2.77 ±5’

Bearing Theory
Bearing Theory for Ball Bearings
 Lock the two outer races both radially

and axially.
 Lock one inner race axially to locate the

assembly.
 The second inner race remains free to

float for thermal expansion and
contraction.
Round dot = axial lock - ex. shoulders, lock-nuts, circlips, end caps, spacers
Heavy line = radial lock, interference fit
 Lock the two outer races both radially

and axially.
 Lock one inner race axially to locate the

assembly.
 The second inner race remains free to

float for thermal expansion and
contraction.
To summarize Rotating Shaft Ball Bearing Theory:
 Interference fit on both inner races

(Shaft toleranced at k6)
 Clearance fit on both outer races

(housing toleranced at H7)
 Lock both inner races axially

(KM nuts, circlips, etc.)
 Lock one outer race axially

(End cap, circlip, etc.)
 Leave one outer race free to float for thermal expansion.
To summarize Rotating Housing Ball Bearing Theory
 Interference fit on both outer races

(Housing toleranced at N7)
 Clearance fit on both inner races

(shaft toleranced at g6)
 Lock both outer races axially

(circlips, end caps, etc.)
 Lock one inner race axially

(KM nut, circlip, etc.)
 Leave one inner race free to float for thermal expansion.
Bearing Theory (For Tapered Roller Bearings)
Rotating Shaft: (“X” Mounting Configuration)

 Lock the two inner races (cones) both
radially and axially.
 Position one outer race (cup) axially,

and adjust the end-play with the other
outer race, 0.07 to 0.12 mm - cold.
(0.003” to 0.005”)
 The normal configuration for a rotating

shaft assembly with tapered roller
bearings is “X”.
Rotating Housing: (“O” mounting
configuration)
 Lock the two outer races (cups)

both radially and axially.
 Position one inner race (cone)

axially, and adjust the end-play with
the other inner race, 0.07 to 0.12
mm - cold. (0.003” to 0.005”)
 The normal configuration for a

rotating housing assembly with
tapered roller bearings is “O”.
Rotating Shaft Assembly - “X” Configuration
Rotating Housing Assembly - “O” Configuration
Rotating Shaft Assembly - “O” Configuration
 Lock both outer races

radially and axially.
 Position one inner race

to locate the assembly.
 The second inner race

is used to adjust end
play to 0.0 mm (cold).
End of Chapter Seven
Exit

07 - Bearings and Bushings

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07 - Bearings and Bushings

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07 – Bearings and Bushings

A bearing is a mechanical device and it is important to know its various components.

When in operation, a shaft is subjected to

Radial bearings are made with balls or rollers, depending on the

Axial bearings, also known as thrust bearings, have

The following chart shows different

Does NOT apply to Conical Bore bearings on adapter sleeves

Major Rules of Bearing Maintenance

A bearing that has not suffered deterioration, is free of

1. Requires more radial space

NOTE: When using bearings over bushings, we

This Oilite bushing is manufactured using metallurgical

Manufacturing of the bushing

Sintering: The parts are baked.

Impregnation: Oil is forced into the pores in a vacuum.

Tolerance on the housing: H7

Tolerance on the shaft: f7 or g6

1. Put washer 1 on mandrel 2

2. Slide the bushing onto the mandrel

3. Push into the part using the press 1 2

Remember the Fits are:

Tolerance on the housing: H7

Tolerance on the shaft: f7 or g6

Mount the extractor upon the fitted assembly.

Utilization of these bushings:

Low rotational speed

Note: These bushings should be mounted with a mandrel only, and

Different plastics are used for bushings; among these, is

A support made of sheet steel, tinned to protect it from corrosion.

Parts made of this combination of materials may be:

Tolerance on the housing: J7 or H6

Note: These bushings are used to meet the following conditions:

The bore of these bushings must not be burnished or modified in any

There are three major families of tools used in removing a bearing:

mechanical extractors or hydraulic rings;

Examples of mechanical extractors

Presses are used when one can use the bearing as a

Example of press use

Examples of hammer use

These diagrams show that:

 when the bearing is installed on a shaft, support

 when the bearing is lodged in a housing, support

Special tools have been devised to install bearings.

There are a number of models of hydraulic presses:

KM 4 Nut + MB 4 Washer (metric)

Small bearings can be installed with an installation bushing or a tube.

Bearings are easier to install if they are heated to a

Heating of a bearing using an

The bearing can also be heated by electric flux density. To

use of clean safety gloves or rags to keep the bearing clean;

If the bearing needs to be held tightly inside the housing, it is preferable

One can also use a mechanical or a hydraulic press.

Adjustment inside a housing

Sometimes, it is necessary to heat the housing to be able to

Place the adapter sleeve on the shaft at

Just before installation, remove the rust

The mechanic will have to follow the recommendations given on the

Checking the play

Bearing 22244CCK/C3W33 (bore diameter of 220 mm) to be installed on conical shaft.

1. Measure the initial play using calibrated blades. The above

2. Using a locknut (or other equivalent means), push the

* Valid only with solid steel shafts.

Premature failure is generally caused by one or more of the following: