GAS STOICHIOMETRY

UNITS OF PRESSURE
Common units of Pressure
Unit Atmospheric Pressure Scientific Field used

Pascal (pa)= N/m2 1.01325 X 105 pa Physics and Chemistry

Kilopascal (kPa) 101.325 kPa
Bar 1.01325 Meteorology and Chemistry

Atmosphere (atm) 1 atm Chemistry

Millimeters of mercury 750 m H Chemistry, Medicine and
mm HG or torr 760 torr Biology
Pounds per square ince 14.70 psi Engineering
(lbs/in2 or psi)
 Sample Problem
1. A 20. 00 liter gas is initially heated to 85 degree Celsius. What is
the volume of the gas if it was cooled to 50 degree Celsius?

Given Solution:
V1 = 20.00 L V1 /T1 = V2 /T2
T1 = 85̊ C + 273
V2= V1T2
= 358 K
V2 = ? T1
T2 =50̊ C + 273 =20.0 L X 323 K
= 323 K 358K
= 18.04 L
Charles’ Law
• Jacques Charles (1784-1817) a French mathematician, physicist and
inventor together with another scientist, Nicolas Robert was the first
one to fly using a hydrogen filled balloon. He found out that “at
constant pressure, the volume of a fixed amount of dry gas is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature. Mathematically, it can be
expressed as

V1 = V2
T1 T2
Amontons’ Law or Gay Lussac’s Law
• Guillaume Amontons, a French inventor and physicist,
made a study on the relationship between pressure and
temperature at constant volume and he found out that “at
constant volume the pressure of a gas is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature.

P1 = P2
T1 T2
 Sample Problem
1. A gas initially exerts a pressure of 2280 mm Hg at 127 degree Celsius.
At what temperature must the gas be heated to exert a pressure of
2.45 atm?
Solution:
Given P2= P1T2
P1 = 380 torr T1
T1 = 0̊C + 273 = 273 K
= 0.5 atm X 300k
P2 =?
T2 =27 ̊C + 273
273 K
= 300k = 0.55 atm
Periodic Trends &
Periodic Table
 Development of the periodic table
• As early as 450 BC, the ancient Greeks believed that
everything around us is composed of four elements namely:
earth, wind, air and fire.
• Aristotle proposed that there must be a fifth element, which
he called aether (stars), since according to him, it is bizarre
that stars are made up of those four elements
• The development of the periodic table progressed
according to the number of elements discovered.
• Hennig Brand’s discovery motivated a lot of
scientists to discover and development substances,
later called elements.
Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner
• Dobereiner noticed a pattern with certain elements that
had similar chemical and physical properties. He called
these elements triads
• If you put these elements in order of their atomic
masses, the average of the molar mass of the first and
third elements in the triad is the molar mass of the
second element.
Alexandre-Emile Beguyer de Chancourtois
• Presented the first periodic table and he assembled and
classified elements in order based in their periodicity of
chemical and physical properties.
• His proposal was known as the “Telluric screw” since the
elements are arranged in a cylindrical.
John Alexander Reina Newlands

• Proposed his “law of octaves” which he patterned from

the musical notes that made his proposal controversial
but later on recognized as an important generalization
by the modern chemical society.
Periodic Trends
• Periodic trends are specific patterns that are
present in the periodic table that illustrate
different aspects of a certain element, including
its size and its electronic properties. 
• Major periodic trends
include: electronegativity, ionization
energy, electron affinity, atomic radius,
and metallic character
Electronegativity trends
• How well the specific elements can attract electrons
INCREASES

INCREASES
Atomic radius
• Is the measure of the size of an atom measured from
its nucleus to the boundary of the surrounding electron
clouds.
• The atomic radius tends to decreases across the
periodic table and increases down the periodic table.
 Ionization energy
• The ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron
from its orbital around an atom to a point where it is no longer
associated with that atom.
• The ionization energy of an element increases as one moves across
a period in the periodic table because the electrons are held tighter
by the higher effective nuclear charge.
Ionization energy trend
INCREASES

INCREASES
Electron affinity

• is defined as the amount of energy released when an

electron is added to a neutral atom or molecule in
gaseous phase to form negative ion or anion.
• The trend of electron affinity is increasing across
the periodic table and decreases down the periodic
table.
Electron affinity trend
INCREASES

INCREASES