Trauma

Specialties
 Dermatology
In this unit
● knowledge about
fractures and other injuries Emergency medicine &
● describing fractures and
accidents Trauma
● giving instructions with
the imperative and need Cardiology

Neurology Pulmonology

Gynecology & Obstetrics

OUR WAY
Let’s repeat a skeleton
Label the diagram using words from the box.
Look at the picture opposite to help you.
Some common English English name
names for bones Anatomical name

1. skull cranium

2. jaw bone mandible

3. spine vertebral column

4. breastbone sternum

5. rib costa

6. collarbone clavicle

7. shoulder blade scapula

8. thigh bone femur

9. kneecap patella

10. shinbone tibia No, seriously - warm up!

ACCIDENTS

1. Describe the pictures.

2. What type(s) of injuries do you think

can occur in each case?
a. Colles' fracture/broken wrist
b. broken hip
c. multiple/various injuries/broken limbs
/cuts/bruises
d. sprained/twisted/broken ankle

3. Are these accidents preventable?

Why / Why not?
All accidents are preventable, but it is difficult to
stop all of them. Accidents like the ones illustrated
are difficult to prevent in all cases.

Discussion
 Would you know what to do in these common medical
emergencies?
Look at the six quiz questions. With a partner, decide what the highlighted words might mean.

If someone is choking, you should… Which of these is the best way to treat a nose bleed?
a) hit them on the back a) lean your head forwards and pinch the soft part of the
b) lean them backwards nose
c) lie them on their side b) lean your head forwards and pinch the hard part of the
nose
What is the best thing to put on a burn c) lean your head backwards and pinch the soft part of the
at first? nose
a) warm running water
b) cold running water If you find someone collapsed on the ground, what should
c) kitchen film you do first?
a) put your jacket over them to keep them warm
If someone has a cut which is bleeding b) check they are breathing
badly, you should first... c) run off to find someone else to help
a) press on the wound
b) cover the wound If someone has fallen and you think they may have broken
c) wash the wound under running water their leg, you should...
a) try to move their leg into a straight position
b) make sure the leg is supported to prevent unnecessary
movement
c) put a bandage on their leg where you think the break is
Use the pictures to help you. Do the quiz with a partner.
Vocabulary
Causes of injury

cut your finger twist your ankel trap your finger scratch your face
to cut-cut-cut to twist
to trap to scratch
cutting-cuted twisting - twisted
trapped

hurt your back sprain your wrist burn your hand

break your leg
to hurt burned
to break - broke - broken to sprain
hurted to burn - burned/ burnt - burned/ burnt
Note: -”Break your leg!” - to wish a sprained

Vocabulary
good luck
Causes of injury

to faint with dehydration

fall off your bike trip/ stumb/ fall over - tripped/ stumbled - to squash to faint with exhaustion
to fall - fell - fallen trip over your dog squashed

bang your head/ smash head stubb a toe crash your car
slip on ice to bang/ to smash stubb to crash
to slip banged/ smashed stubbed crashed
slipped

Vocabulary
Fractures

A fracture is a break in a bone.

A pathological fracture is fracture in a

diseased bone. A fatigue or stress
fracture is due to repeated minor
trauma, for example long-distance
marching or running.

Vocabulary
 Fractures
Match the descriptions 1-8 with the types of fracture a-h. Which when certain

1. simple a) which occurs when certain bones are likely to break from repeated minor injuries

2. avulsion b) where the ends of a bone are driven into each other

3. spiral c) a complex fracture which results in more than two bone fragments

4. comminuted d) where the volume of bone is reduced because it has been compressed

5. crush e) where there is a single fracture of the bone with only two main fragments

6. stress f) where a bit of bone is pulled off with a ligament or muscle

7. impacted g) which is not very clear and there is no clear displacement

8. hairline h) which is seen in long bones as a result of twisting injuries

Vocabulary
Fractures

Also the fracture displacement is described.

• Shortening
• Angulation
• Rotation

EXTRA Vocabulary
Treatment of fractures

When the fragments of a broken bone heal and join together, they
unite. Union may be promoted, or helped, by reducing the
fracture replacing the fragments in their anatomical position if
they are displaced. After reduction, excessive movement of the
plaster of Paris cast (POP)
broken bone is prevented by fixation - either external, for
example a splint or plaster of Paris cast (POP), or internal, for
example a pin or a plate and screws. A displaced fracture which
is not reduced may result in malunion incomplete or incorrect
union.

☝️Note: The verb reduce has several meanings in medicine:

● to make smaller - I think we'd better reduce the dose of
your tablets.
● (in surgery) to return to anatomical position - A hernia
can normally be reduced by manipulation.
● (in chemistry) to remove oxygen or add hydrogen -
Nitric acid is a reducing agent.

Vocabulary
Everything is illuminated

What are the common

investigations performed to
trauma?

● X-ray
● CT (Computer tomography )
● MRI

Let's learn how to describe X-

ray

Discussion
Everything is illuminated
At the end of this lecture, you will be
able to:
• Read x-rays systematically
• Describe fracture patterns
• Interpret healing of fractures
The greater the depth, the lighter
the grey.
● Air is projected as black
● Soft tissues are grey
● Fluids are a lighter grey
● Bone is an even lighter grey
● Metal is projected as white
Systematic reading of x-rays
Everything is illuminated

Systematic reading of x-rays

Everything is illuminated

More about x-rays

Systematic reading of x-rays

Everything is illuminated
Normal aspect of malleoli:
• Tibiofibular gap is less than 6 mm.
• Joint gap is of equal width.
• Joint surfaces are parallel to each other.
• Talus is in correct position.

Systematic reading of x-rays

Everything is illuminated

• The fibula is shortened

and rotated due to a
dislocated fracture.
• The talus is subluxated
laterally.
• The joint gap is no
longer parallel and not of
equal width.
This x-ray shows an osteosynthesis with plate and
screws in a tibial fracture after 8 weeks.
• The fracture is still visible, which is normal after
only 8 weeks, without axial malalignment.
• There is minimal callus formation on the lateral
side.
• There is no screw loosening. The osteosynthesis is
stable.
• Fracture healing is underway.
 • This fracture is stable.
• The radial fracture is healing. There is healing with callus
There is little callus on the radius. formation.
• Recommend doing a
• The ulnar fracture is still open. follow-up plus x-ray in 1
There is a large gap in the ulna year.
without any visible callus formation
yet. This is called atrophic
pseudarthrosis. R

• There is no screw loosening. The

plates are (still) stable.
• After 8 months no further healing
can be expected. 10.08.13 M
• Reoperation of the ulna is indicated.

• This is the x-ray of a child of 8 years of age with open epiphyseal lines.
• The patient has a dislocated supracondylar fracture of the humerus.
BONUS Vocabulary of this lesson
fracture перелом to negotiate домовлятися, вести
переговори
pain management знеболення sprain розтягнення
sling повязка persuasion переконання
cast шина, лангета avulsion відрив
plaster of Paris (POP) гіпс, гіпсова лангета to trip over/ fall over спіткнутись через щось
plates & screws пластини та штифти to fall off впасти з чогось
bump гуля, шишка, забій USEFUL EXPRESSIONS
bruise синяк, гематома I'd (just) like you to ...
Could / can you just ... for me?
grazes подряпини, ссадно I need you to ...
scratches подряпини
OK.
head injury пошкодження (травма)
Fine.
голови
Thank you.

Vocabulary