TALK AND ACTION

By group 11
Elvi Salsa bella (A1B020021)
Muhammad Imam Abdurrahman (A1B020017)
 Table of contents
01 Introduction 04 Conversation

02 Speech acts 03 Cooperation

 Introduction

In speaking to another people, we make use of sentences, or, to

be more precise, utterances. We can try to classify them by length, by
counting the number of words in each utterance.
Through conversation we establish relationships with others, achieve a
measure of cooperation (or fail to do so)
 Speech acts

 One thing that many utterances do is make propositions

Example : ‘I had a busy day today ‘, ‘Have you called your mother?,’
 Ethical proposition. Example : ‘Big boys don’t cry,’ ‘God is love,’
An ethical proposition may be true or false, although not in the same sense.
 Phatic’ proposition. Example : ‘Nice day!,’ ‘How do you do?,’ and ‘You’re looking
smart today!’
Phatic utterances do not really communicate anything.
 Austin (1975), a philosopher, distinguished still another kind of utterance from these,
the performative utterance.
To say ‘I do’ in other circumstances is to find oneself a husband or a wife – or a
bigamist.
 Speech acts

 There are also less explicit performatives. Declarations like ‘I promise,’ ‘I apologize,’
or ‘I warn you’
 Austin divides performatives into five categories:
(1) verdictives
(2) exercitives
(3) commissives
(4) behabitives
(5) expositives
 The utterances we use are locutions.
Example : ‘It’s cold in here,’ ‘The door’s open,’
 Cooperation
 According to philosophers such as Grice, we are able to converse with one another.
 Grice (1975, p. 45) maintains that the overriding principle in conversation is one he
calls the cooperative principle :
“Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it
occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are
engaged”.
 Grice lists four maxims that follow from the cooperative principle:
1. Quantity. requires you to make your contribution as informative as is required
2. Quality. requires you not to say what you believe to be false or that for which you
lack adequate evidence
 Cooperation

3. Relation. is the simple injunction: be relevant.

4. Manner requires you to avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity, and to be brief
and orderly.
 The theory of implicature explains how, when A says something to B, B will
understand A’s remarks in a certain way because B will recognize that A said.
 Conversation

 Planned speech,For example, is the welcoming speech of a visiting head of state, but
parts may be pre-planned to a greater or lesser extent.
 Unplanned speech is talk which is not thought out prior to its expression.
 The syntax of unplanned conversation is also not at all that of formal, edited written
prose.
 Conversation is a cooperative activity also in the sense that it involves two or more
parties, each of whom must be allowed the opportunity to participate.
 Conversations must also have ways of getting started.
 Once a conversation has been initiated and the opening forms have been exchanged, it
will be necessary to establish a topic or topics on which to talk.
 Conversation

 The word inserted is used because in most such instances the original conversation
tends to be resumed where it broke off.
Example :
A: . . . and as I was saying (telephone rings) Mary, get the phone.
B: Okay.
A: . . . as I was saying, it should be next week.
B: I see
 Repairs are corrections of some kind of ‘trouble’ that arises during the conversation.
 Conversations must also be brought to a close.
 Classroom conversation is different from ordinary conversation.
THANK YOU