TEORI DAN PENELITIAN KEPERAWATAN

Lely Lusmilasari
 Tujuan
• Pada akhir sesi ini mahasiswa diharapkan
1.Mampu mengidentifikasi penerapan teori
dalam penelitian keperawatan
2.Mampu merumuskan kerangka penelitian
berdasarkan pemilihan teori yang tepat
 NURSING MODELS (THEORIES) DESCRIBE NURSING AS:

 An art and a science with its own evolving, scientific body of knowledge
 Holistic, or concerned with the clients’ physical, psychosocial, cultural and
spiritual needs
 Involving caring
 Occurring in variety setting
 Concerned with health promotion, disease prevention, and care during
illness

The act of nursing is special and unique because it blends art (caring) and
science (knowledge and problem-solving processes) within person to
person relationship
 TEORI KEPERAWATAN

untuk menggambarkan, menjelaskan, memprediksi dan

memberikan pemahaman beberapa fenomena yang
dianggap relevan dengan perawat
 
Purpose of Theory
• To inform and guide how we think and how
we behave though we may not be consciously
aware of this;
• To allow us to predict what might happen in a
given set of circumstances (by deductive
reasoning)
• To provide a means for us to interpret and
explain reality (by inductive reasoning)
(Ellis and Crookes in Crookes, 2004, p.57)
 Research
 The systematic, logical, and empirical inquiry
into the possible relationships among
particular phenomena to produce verifiable
knowledge
 An important part of critically appraising a
study is to identify and evaluate the study
framework ---- understanding the theory on
which the study is based also will help your
determine whether it is appropriate to apply
the study findings to your practice
CONNECTIONS : Philosophy, Theory, and Nursing
Research (Burns and Grove, 2009)
PHILOSOPHY ABSTRACT

KNOWLEDGE

SCIENCE ABST.THOUGHT PROCESS THEORY

REALITY TESTING
(RESEARCH)

EMPIRICAL WORLD CONCRETE

 Research guide theory

Research

Theory

Theory guide research

Practice
Practice guide theory development

Figure. Discipline knowledge : Theory-practice-research

connection
(source : Wood, G.L., and Haber, J., 2006)
 Science

Science = Research + Theory

 Approaches to science
Inductive

Wood, G.L., and Haber, J., 2006,

Science
p.114; Nicholls, D., 2009, p. 531-
533)

Deductive
Inductive reasoning
Inductive Reasoning:
-a process of starting with details of experience
and moving to a general picture
-Inductive reasoning involve the observation of a
particular set of instances that belong to and can
be identified as part of larger set
-The goal of inductive reasoning is to arrive at
some theoretical understanding of a problem or a
phenomenon as a result of your observation
(Carpenter and Suto, 2008; cit Nicholls, D.,
2009)
 Deductive reasoning
Deductive Reasoning:
•a process of starting with the
general picture
•Deductive reasoning uses two
or more related concepts that
when combined enable
suggestion of relationship
between concept
Inductive and deductive reasoning share much in common with
qualitative and quantitative respectively as follow :
Using Theory to Generate Research Ideas
A well-developed theory is an accurate depiction of the
real world useful for generating research question
Theory-linked research : the purpose, problem
statements, and hypotheses need to show the
relationship between a selected theory and a
specific study
Approaches to use theoretical background in research :
Theory-Generating Research and Theory-Testing
Research
Congruence Between Theory and Research

• Theory will be useful guided and be guided by

research
• Theory establishes on current knowledge,
future findings provide evidence for
supporting or refuting theoretical claims
• No theory is absolute; theory are always open
to modification when better explanations of
phenomens, supported with research data,
become available
 Knowledge of Theory Through Research
• The connection between research and theory
should be integrated, but in reality knowledge is
imperfect and is subject to change as new
discoveries are made
• Uses of theory in nursing research : (1) Minimal
use of theory, (2) Concept from theory uses to
organize the research, and (3) Adequate use of
models for the theory testing (Young, 2001, p.26)
What is the conceptual framework ?
• A conceptual framework is a structure of concepts and/or theories
pulled together as a map for a study
• Enables the researcher to link the findings to the body of nursing
knowledge
• A conceptual framework draws on concepts from various theories and
research finding to guide the study. The conceptual framework may
or may not be stated ( Whitney, et al, 1995, cit Parahoo, K., 2006)

(Gillies, A., Jakson, W., 2002, p. 54; Wood, G.L., and Haber, J., 2006, p.
121; Brathwaite, A.C., 2003)
What is the theoretical framework ?
• A theoretical framework is a structure of concepts that
exist in the literature, a ready-made for the study
• Theoretical frameworks are brief descriptions of theory, or
portions of theory, to be tested in a research project
• In most cases, the terms theoretical and conceptual
framework are used interchangeably.

(Gillies, A., Jakson, W., 2002, p. 53-57; Wood, G.L., and Haber, J., 2006, p.
121; Parahoo, K., 2006, p. 157)
 Terms Related to Framework

• Concept
– A concept is a term that abstract describes and names an object, a
phenomenon, or an idea, thus providing it with a separate identify or
meaning.
– Chin and Kramer (1999) define a concept as a “complex mental
formulation of experience”
( Wood, G.L., and Haber, J., 2006, p. 117-118; Burns, N., and Grove, S.K., 2009,
p. 126-131)

• Relational Statement
– Declares a relationship of some kind exists between or among
two or more concepts (Walker & Avant, 2004)

( Wood, G.L., and Haber, J., 2006, p. 115-117; Burns, N., and Grove, S.K., 2009,
p. 131-135)
 Terms Related to Framework
• Theory
– Integrated set of defined concepts and
relational statements that presents a view of a
phenomenon
– Can be used to describe, explain, predict, or
control the phenomenon
– Statements of the theory, not the theory itself,
are tested through research

(Parahoo, K., 2006, p. 148-152; Wood, G.L., and Haber, J., 2006, p. 118-
121; Burns, N., and Grove, S.K., 2009, p. 139-146)
 Guided by view of the world the researcher uses : Highest level of
discourse
(Wood, G.L., and
Deductive reasoning or Inductive reasoning
Haber, J., 2006,
p. 120-122

To create a structure To identify a structure To begin to piece

To guide research To guide research together data to
Conceptual framework Theoretical framework address a research
question

Grand theory
Middle range theory
Practice theory

The researcher poses the research question and

the conceptual definitions of study of variables

and

Uses operational definitions to articulate

measurement of the study variables lowest level of
discourse
 The conceptual/theoretical framework in
quantitative research

• The function of a conceptual framework is

to provide a structure that can strengthen
the study
• A conceptual framework for a research
study can be derived from conceptual
definition, models or theories.

(Parahoo, K., 2006, p. 158-161)

 The conceptual/theoretical framework in
qualitative research
• Qualitative research adopts the inductive approach
• Conceptual framework have functions different from
those in quantitative research. Researcher aim to develop
their own concepts and theories from the data
• It is also possible to derive question or hypotheses from a
conceptual framework using a quantitative approach and
then collect data using qualitative methods such as
unstructured interviews. This type of study would
combine quantitative and qualitative approaches
• A conceptual framework can be useful in qualitative
research is when the researcher collect data qualitatively
and tries to discover whether they support or reject
existing theories. (For example, see Parahoo, K., 2006,
p.161; Sixma, H.J., et al., 1998)

(Parahoo, K., 2006, p. 158-161; Burn, N., and Grove, S.K., 2009, p.
146)
 What is the steps for constructing a study framework ?
1. Selecting and
defining concept
2. Developing statements
relating the concept
3. Expressing the statements
In hierarchical fashion
4. Developing the conceptual
Map that expresses the
framework
Refining the map
Before you can complete the map, the
following information must be
available :
1. A clear problem and concept statement
2. Concept of interest, including conceptual
definition
3. Result of an integrative review and empirical
literature
4. Relational statements linking to the
concepts, expressed literally and
diagrammatically
5. Identification and analysis of existing
theories that address the relationship of
interest
6. Identification of existing conceptual models
congruent with the developing framework
7. Linking of proposed relationship with
hypotheses, question, and objectives
(Burn, N., and Grove, S.K., 2009, p.
146-150; Sinclair, M., 2007; Gillis, A.,
and Jackson, W., 2002, p. 54-58)
How is to do the developing the conceptual map that expresses
the framework ?

• A conceptual map is simply a diagram of the

concepts and relationships expressed in a
theoretical framework.
• A conceptual map is an efficient way to
communicate what is knows about the
phenomenon more clearly than a verbal
description
• Arrows indicate the proposed direction of
the relationships among the concept, and it
should be supported with reference from
literature.
How is to do the developing the conceptual map that expresses
the framework ? Cont….
• Developing your own concept map entails the following
steps :
1. Arrange the concepts on the page in sequence of
occurrence (or causal linkage) from left to right, with the
concepts reflecting the outcomes located on the far right
2. using arrows, link the concepts in a way that is consistent
with the statement diagrams you previously developed
3. Examine the map for completeness by asking yourself the
following question : (are all of the study also include on
the map ?; are all the concepts on the map define ?; Does
the map clearly portray the phenomenon ?; does the map
accurately reflect all the statement ?; Is there a statement
for each of the link portrayed by the map ? Is the sequence
accurate ?)
 How is to do the constructing a study framework on
the basis of conceptual model ?
• In some cases, rather than beginning with the choice of a model, the
researcher : identifying concepts relevant to particular nursing
problem ( the researcher identifies or develops of theory related to
the phenomenon of interest; simultaneously, or perhaps later, the
researcher selects all or a portion of a conceptual model compatible
with his or her interest )

• The important issue is not where the development of the framework

begins but rather than how logically the various element of the
framework are linked and how complete the end product

• Once the researcher selects the conceptual model, five steps are
followed to clearly and explicitly integrate that model into the research
proposal and final report (see Fawcett, 2001)

(Burn, N., and Grove, S.K., 2009, p. 152-153; Fawcett, J., 2001)
What are the points of critical appraisal that use to evaluate
the appropriateness, cohesiveness, and consistency of a
framework guiding research ?
The criteria of critically appraise a framework for research is as
follow :
1.Is the framework for research clearly identified ?
2.Is the framework consistent with a nursing perspective ?
3.Is the framework appropriate to guide research on the subject of
interest ?
4.Are the concepts and variables clearly and appropriately defined ?
5.Was sufficient literature presented to support study of the selected
concepts ?
6.Is there a logical consistent link between the framework, the
concepts being studied, and the methods of measurement ?
7.Are the study finding examined in relationship to the framework ?

(Parahoo, K., 2006, p. 162-163; Wood, G.L., and Haber, J., 2006, p. 122-
124)
CONTOH
The Health Promotion Model
Orem’s Self-Care Theory
Thank you

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