Clause Complexing Logico Semantic

UNIT III
THE CLAUSE COMPLEX

TAXIS & LOGICO_SEMANTIC
RELATIONS
Class plan
 Reviewing taxis (parataxis & hypotaxis)
 Introducing logico-semantic types
(expansion)
 Introducing logico-semantic types (projection)
The rank-scale reviewed
We need to review the rank scale to accommodate the

clause complex:
Clause/clause-complex
Group/phrase
Word
Morpheme
The rank-scale reviewed
The clause complex is at the same rank as the clause.
This means the clause complex is not made up of clauses,
but is rather a clause that is extended by the addition of
further clauses (by iteration).
The clause is a multivariate structure (a structure made

up of different kinds of elements)
The clause complex is a univariate (serial) structure,

where the same element is repeated again and again by
iterarion.
The clause complex as a univariate/
iterative structure
-He resigned his position in the company.
-He resigned his position in the company || when he became 30.
-He resigned his position in the company || when he became 30 || as
he believed in the need for renewal.
he believed || he should make room for younger people || to ensure
renewal.
he believed || he should make room for younger people || to ensure
renewal in the company || and he decided || he would enjoy some
rest and the company of his family || or he was also a bit tired || and
….
The clause complex - definition
One or more clauses linked by tactic and

logico-semantic relations.
One or more figures (configuration of

process, participants and circumstances)
linked by tactic or logico-semantic
relations
The clause complex – systems involved
Taxis: parataxis & hypotaxis
Logico-semantic-relations: expansion and

projection
Taxis
System that determines the status of the

clauses in the clause complex.
Parataxis: Clauses have an equal status (=
coordinated or juxtaposed clauses -1, 2, 3)
Hypotaxis: clauses have a different status
(main clause and dependent clause - α β)
Parataxis and Hypotaxis illustrated
1 She graduated from high school

2 andthen (she) undertook a trip through the
country. (parataxis)
β When she graduated from high school,

α she undertook a trip through the country.
(hypotaxis)
Practice: Parataxis and Hypotaxis
identified
(i) Sam bought the tickets and Sue parked the car.
(ii) Sam bought the tickets while Sue parked the car.
(iii) Highwalking is largely safe, but there are risks.
(iv) There are risks in highwalking and we have to educate
people about these risks.
(v)We have to educate people about the risks in highwalking, if
we are going to improve safety.
(vi) A boy saved the life of his siblings yesterday, when fire
broke out at their homes.
(vii) He is the greatest artist I’ve ever known; his art is indeed
unsurpassed.
identified
(i) 1 Sam bought the tickets || 2 and Sue parked the car.
(ii) αSam bought the tickets || β while Sue parked the car.
(iii) 1 Highwalking is largely safe, || 2 but there are risks.
(iv) 1 There are risks in highwalking || 2 and we have to educate
people about these risks.
(v) α We have to educate people about the risks in
highwalking, || β if we are set on improving safety.
(vi) α A boy saved the life of his siblings yesterday, || β when
fire broke out at their homes.
(vii) 1 He is the greatest artist [[ I’ve ever known]]; || 2 his art is
indeed unsurpassed.
identified
(viii) The match was cancelled, because it started to rain.
(ix) I have bought some beautiful tapestries; you will surely like
them.
(x) As it started to rain, the match was cancelled.
(xi) There was no moon that night and, as a result, they took the
wrong turning.
(xii) He has a summer job with a travel agency, guiding parties of
tourists.
(xiii) They advised me to emigrate, which is the last thing I’d do.
(xiv) He always stays at home during the weekend; he never ever
goes out.
identified
(viii) αThe match was cancelled, || β because it started to rain.
(ix) 1 I have bought some beautiful tapestries; || 2 you will surely like
them.
(x) β As it started to rain, || α the match was cancelled.
(xi) 1 There was no moon that night || 2 and, as a result, they took the
wrong turning.
(xii) α He has a summer job with a travel agency, || β guiding parties of
tourists.
(xiii) α They advised me to emigrate, || β which is the last thing [[I’d
do]].
(xiv) 1 He always stays at home during the weekend; || 2 he never ever
goes out.
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations
TAXIS
PARATAXIS
HYPOTAXIS
combines with
LOGICO_SEMANTIC RELATIONS of two types:
EXPANSION
PROJECTION
introduced
He is really well-to-do; he has lots of money.
He has lots of friends; he has many friends in his
neighbourhood, at school and in his job.
He graduated and he immediately applied for a job.
He had graduated with honours, but it was difficult to get jobs
then.
Once he graduated, he applied for a job.
He thought Jane was kind. He thought “Jane is kind”.
He answered the door was locked. “The door is locked”, he
answered.
introduced
He is really well-to-do; || he has lots of money.
He has lots of friends; || he has many friends in his
neighbourhood, at school and in his job.
He graduated || and he immediately applied for a job.
Once he graduated, || he applied for a job.
He thought || Jane was kind.
He thought ||“Jane is kind”.
He said || that the door was locked.
“The door is locked”, || he said.
Logico-semantic relations
LOGICO_SEMANTIC RELATIONS are of two kinds
and each is sub-classified in subtypes:
EXPANSION (elaboration, extension,

enhancement)
PROJECTION (verbal, mental: quoting,

reporting)
Taxis & Logico-semantic relations:
Expansion/Elaboration
EXPANSION
ELABORATION (that is to say relationship)
Specification
This stew is awful; it’s too salty
This test is difficult; it’s too long and has several questions we
have not discussed in class.
He was tired; he had worked all day long and had not taken
any nap.
The teacher, who was by then very tired of John’s unruly
behavior, asked him to leave the room.
Tom has refused to help us, which shows that he is still angry.
ELABORATION (that is to say relationship)
Specification
This stew is awful; || it’s too salty (parataxis)
This test is difficult; || it’s too long and has several
questions we have not discussed in class. (parataxis)
He was tired; || he had worked all day long and had not
taken any nap. (parataxis)
The teacher, <<who was by then very tired of John’s unruly
behaviour>>, asked him to leave the room. (hypotaxis)
Tom has refused to help us, || which shows that he is still
angry. (hypotaxis)
ELABORATION
RESTATEMENT
This stew is awful; it’s completely off.
This test is difficult; it’s really complicated.
He was tired; he was really exhausted.
ELABORATION
RESTATEMENT
This stew is awful; || it’s completely off. (parataxis)
This test is difficult; || it’s really complicated. (parataxis)
He was tired; || he was really exhausted. (parataxis)
ELABORATION
EXEMPLIFICATION
I’ve played in several orchestras; I’ve played in the Darwin
Symphony and the Brisbane Sinfonia.
He holds several degrees by renowned institutions; he holds
a BA degree by the University of Northern Illinois, for
example, and then a MA degree by the University of
Pensylvania and a PhD by the University of California.
ELABORATION
EXEMPLIFICATION
I’ve played in several orchestras; || I’ve played in the
Darwin Symphony and the Brisbane Sinfonia. (parataxis)
He holds several degrees by renowned institutions; || he
holds a BA degree by the University of Northern Illinois,
for example, and then a MA degree by the University of
Pensylvania and a PhD by the University of California.
(parataxis)
ELABORATION generally combines with parataxis,
except for a few cases in which elaboration, usually
specification, combines with hypotaxis (non-
restrictive/non-defining relative clauses). Hypotactic
clauses are FINITE.
The teacher, <<who was by then very tired of John’s unruly

behaviour>>, asked him to leave the room. (hypotaxis)
Tom has refused to help us, || which shows that he is still

angry. (hypotaxis)
Expansion/Extension
EXTENSION (and, but, or relationships)
I play a French horn and my sister plays oboe.
He left that day and never came back.
He is not only very good at maths, language and history
but also stands out in sports.
I love French horns but I am less apt with saxophones.
He is very friendly with strangers but very irritable at
home.
I could practice this evening or I could lazily watch TV.
Expansion/Extension
I play a French horn || and my sister plays oboe. (parataxis)
He left that day || and never came back. (parataxis)
He is not only very good at maths, language and history ||
but also stands out in sports. (parataxis)
I love French horns || but I am less apt with saxophones.
(parataxis)
He is very friendly with strangers || but very irritable at
home. (parataxis)
I could practice this evening || or I could lazily watch TV.
(parataxis)
Expansion/Extension
Besides doing embroidery and playing tennis, she sings
in a choir.
I play a French horn whereas/while my sister plays
oboe.
I will watch TV this evening instead of practicing.
I will watch TV this evening rather than practice for the
exam.
She left, slamming the door behind her.
Expansion/Extension
Besides doing embroidery and playing tennis, || she sings
in a choir. (hypotaxis)
I play a French horn || whereas/while my sister plays
oboe. (hypotaxis)
I will watch TV this evening || instead of studying for the
exam. (hypotaxis)
I will watch TV this evening || rather than practice for
the exam. (hypotaxis).
He left, || slamming the door behind her.
Expansion/Extension
EXTENSION combines both with parataxis (and, but,
or, so, for) and hypotaxis (instead of, rather than ,
besides, whereas/while) though it is more frequent with
the former one. Hypotactic clauses in this case can be
Finite or NON-Finite.
Expansion/Enhancement
ENHANCEMENT
Temporal
I went to the rehearsal after lecturing all day.
Call me whenever you can.
Cook the meat until it is tender.
She made an important decision once she had spoken to
him.
I lectured all day and then went to the rehearsal.
ENHANCEMENT
Temporal
I went to the rehearsal || after lecturing all day.
(hypotaxis)
Call me || whenever you can. (hypotaxis)
Cook the meat || until it is tender. (hypotaxis)
She made an important decision || once she had spoken
to him. (hypotaxis)
I lectured all day || and then went to the rehearsal.
(parataxis)
ENHANCEMENT
Conditional
You won’t have time to practice if you teach day and night.
I will go to the party as long as/provided that he comes
along.
Practise regularly; otherwise/or else you won’t make as
much progress as you want to.
ENHANCEMENT
Conditional
You won’t have time to practice || if you teach day and
night. (hypotaxis)
I will go to the party || as long as/provided that he comes
along. (hypotaxis)
Practise regularly; || otherwise/or else you won’t make as
much progress as you want to. (parataxis)
ENHANCEMENT
Causal (reason/purpose)
We didn’t have the rehearsal on Monday because it was a
public holiday.
He was very tired as he had worked all day long.
He had worked all day long, so he was very tired.
Since he was only 16, his mother did not allow him to go
out alone.
She studied hard in order that/so that her parents would be
proud of her.
She studied hard to/in order to/so as to get ahead in life.
ENHANCEMENT
Causal (reason/purpose)
We didn’t have the rehearsal on Monday because it was a public
holiday. (hypotaxis – reason)
He was very tired as he had worked all day long. (hypotaxis – reason)
He had worked all day long, so he was very tired. (parataxis – reason)
Since he was only 16, his mother did not allow him to go out alone.
(hypotaxis – reason)
She studied hard in order that/so that her parents would be proud of her.
(hypotaxis – purpose)
She studied hard to/in order to/so as to get ahead in life. (hypotaxis –
purpose)
ENHANCEMENT
Concessive
We had rehearsal on Monday although/even though it was a
public holiday.
In spite of being only 10 years old, he is very considerate
and thoughtful.
He is only 10 years old; yet/still he is very considerate and
thoughtful.
ENHANCEMENT
Concessive
We had rehearsal on Monday || although/even though it was
a public holiday. (hypotaxis)
In spite of being only 10 years old, || he is very considerate
and thoughtful. (hypotaxis)
He is only 10 years old; || yet/still he is very considerate
and thoughtful. (parataxis)
Spatial
She was welcome wherever we went.
They stopped wherever night fell.
Manner
I’m developing a more pleasing sound by changing my
embouchoure.
He is getting ahead in life (by) working hard.
Spatial
She was welcome || wherever we went. (hypotaxis)
They stopped || where(ver) night fell. (hypotaxis)
Manner
I’m developing a more pleasing sound || by changing my
embouchoure. (hypotaxis)
He is getting ahead in life || (by) working hard. (hypotaxis)
ENHANCEMENT usually combines with hypotaxis,
though there are some paractactic conjunctions which
express enhancement (“so”, “for” and “and” followed by
“then”/”yet”/”still”)
Projection
PROJECTION can be of two kinds
VERBAL PROJECTION (projected clause = IDEA)
MENTAL PROJECTION (projected clause =

LOCUTION)
ADDITIONALLY it can be of the

QUOTING type
REPORTING type
Projection
PROJECTION
VERBAL (LOCUTION)
Proposition (Statement or Question)
He said “I will never surrender”.
He said that he would never surrender
He asked whether/if they would surrender.
Proposal (Command)
He said/ordered “Go to the park”.
He told us/commanded us/ordered us to go to the park.
projection
PROJECTION
VERBAL (LOCUTION)
Proposition (Statement or question)
He said || “I will never surrender”. (quote/parataxis)
He said || that he would never surrender (report/hypotaxis)
He asked || whether/if they would surrender. (report/hypotaxis)
Proposal (Command)
He said/ordered ||“Go to the park”. (quote)
He told us/commanded us/ordered us || to go to the park.
(report)
projection
MENTAL (IDEA)
Proposition
He thought ‘What a good idea!’
He thought that was a good idea.
He thought “When will she leave?”
Proposal
He thought to himself ‘Keep quiet!’
He thought that he should keep quiet.
He wanted his friends to help.
projection
MENTAL (IDEA)
Proposition
He thought ||‘What a good idea!’ (quote/parataxis)
He thought || that was a good idea. (report/hypotaxis)
He thought || “When will she leave?” (quote/parataxis)
Proposal
He thought to himself || ‘Keep quiet!’ (quote/parataxis)
He thought || that he should keep quiet. (report/hypotaxis)
He wanted || his friends to help. (report/hypotaxis)
Identifying quote or report
(i) “I am a professional,” he answered angrily.
(ii) He said that he liked the place.
(iii) And I think to myself ‘What a wonderful world’.
(iv) ‘I will marry him,’ she thought.
(v) She claimed that she had never seen the man before.
(vi) “I am the person you are looking for,” he confessed.
(vii) “Don’t you ever speak to me like that again, ” she
yelled.
(viii) “But isn’t he the manager?” she asked.
(ix) She wanted to know if he was comfortable in his room.
(x) She asked whether he would stay one more day.
A I “1 “I am a professional,” ||
II 2 he answered angrily.
B I α He said ||
II β that he liked the place.
C I 1And I think to myself ||
II ‘2 ‘What a wonderful world’.
D I ‘1 ‘I will marry him,’ ||
II 2 she thought.
E I α She claimed ||
II β that she had never seen the man before.
F I “ 1“I am the person you are looking for,” ||
II 2 he confessed.
GI “1 “Don’t you ever speak to me like that again, ” ||
II 2 she yelled.
H I “ 1 “But isn’t he the manager?” ||
II 2 she asked.
She wanted to know if he was comfortable in his room.
She asked whether he would stay one more day.
Identifying paratactic or hypotactic
clause complexes and LS relationsions
The match was cancelled, because it started to rain.

I have bought some beautiful tapestries and I think you will
like them.
As it started to rain, the match was cancelled.
There was no moon that night and, as a result, they took the
wrong turning.
He has a summer job with a travel agency, guiding parties
of tourists.
They advised me to emigrate, which is the last thing I’d do.
clause complexes
She got married and moved to New York.

She moved to New York and got married.
It’s like going out with a child; she stops dead and refuses
to go on.
You will have to make up a better excuse: no-one will
believe that.
clause complexes
Alcoholic drinks are sold out to adults, i.e. they are sold to
people over 18.
Several countries have signed the pact; specifically all the
EC countries have done so.
There are lots of things you might do; for example, you
might learn to play the piano.
Take extra care when driving at night.
Though feeling unwell, she made an extra effort to appear
cheerful.
clause complexes
Without having read the book, I do not wish to give an

opinion.
The picture is not an original; in other words, it’s a forgery.
We became tourists; or rather, we became tramps.
Look the two ways before crossing the road.
We need someone to fix this machine; that is to say, we
need a mechanic.
After applying one coat of paint, leave it to dry.
clause complexes
You can’t count on the trains being punctual here; for instance, the
10:55 left at 11:15 yesterday.
His new novel is a best-seller, which is what everyone expected.
I was completely ignorant of women; in fact I knew none except my
own sisters.
I didn’t mind their questions; indeed, I was glad to be able to answer
them.
They decided not to go, which turned out to be a mistake.
We should get through this job fairly soon; actually, there is very little
left to do.
clause complexes
He doesn’t like bacon and also he’s better without it.

The burglar broke into the house, while they were asleep.
It is a very simple device, but it’s very effective.
As soon as she got into bed, the telephone rang.
Stay in bed, until the rain goes away.
If you believe that, you will believe anything.
While I admire his tenacity, I deplore his rudeness.
clause complexes
We promised you the sun would shine, which it did.
They spread the cloth on the grass and then began unpacking the picnic.
The crowd roared as the ball went into the net.
Perhaps she thinks it sounds better, which it does really.
We had to stay overnight because the car broke down.
He is not eating his main meal until 11 o’clock, which is stupid.
Soon after the war ended, the men returned.
Fasten the sunshade securely, so that it won’t blow away.
clause complexes
When you reach the station, give me a call.
Jane already speaks two foreign languages, whereas/while
her brother hasn’t learned any.
When he saw me, he waved.
He talks as though he owned the place.
In order that no mistakes should be made, everyone must be
informed.
Since he won’t answer the phone we’d better leave a note.
clause complexes
She promised to keep in touch, but she never phoned or
wrote.
When he saw me, he waved.
You can add the wine to the water or you can add the water
to the wine.
Come round, whenever you can.
Jane already speaks two foreign languages, but her brother
hasn’t learned any.

Clause Complexing Logico Semantic

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Clause Complexing Logico Semantic

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UNIT III

THE CLAUSE COMPLEX

We need to review the rank scale to accommodate the

The clause is a multivariate structure (a structure made

The clause complex is a univariate (serial) structure,

One or more clauses linked by tactic and

One or more figures (configuration of

Taxis: parataxis & hypotaxis

Logico-semantic-relations: expansion and

System that determines the status of the

1 She graduated from high school

β When she graduated from high school,

LOGICO_SEMANTIC RELATIONS of two types:

EXPANSION (elaboration, extension,

PROJECTION (verbal, mental: quoting,

The teacher, <<who was by then very tired of John’s unruly

Tom has refused to help us, || which shows that he is still

MENTAL PROJECTION (projected clause =

ADDITIONALLY it can be of the

The match was cancelled, because it started to rain.

She got married and moved to New York.

Without having read the book, I do not wish to give an

He doesn’t like bacon and also he’s better without it.

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