CRIMINOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF CRIME AND

CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR, INFORMED BY PRINCIPLES OF

SOCIOLOGY AND OTHER NON-LEGAL FIELDS,
INCLUDING PSYCHOLOGY, ECONOMICS,
STATISTICS, AND ANTHROPOLOGY.
CRIMINOLOGISTS EXAMINE A VARIETY OF RELATED AREAS, INCLUDING:

 CHARACTERISTICS OF PEOPLE WHO COMMIT CRIMES

 REASONS WHY PEOPLE COMMIT CRIMES
 EFFECTS OF CRIME ON INDIVIDUALS AND COMMUNITIES
 METHODS FOR PREVENTING CRIME
ORIGINS OF CRIMINOLOGY

THE ROOTS OF CRIMINOLOGY TRACE BACK TO A MOVEMENT TO REFORM

CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND PENAL SYSTEMS MORE THAN 200 YEARS AGO. THE
FIRST COLLECTION AND USE OF CRIME STATISTICS IN THE 19TH CENTURY THEN
LAID THE GROUNDWORK FOR GENERATIONS OF INCREASINGLY SOPHISTICATED
TOOLS AND METHODS, LEADING TO OUR MODERN USE OF DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS, CASE STUDIES, TYPOLOGIES, AND PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS.
MAKING OF LAWS
MAKING OF LAWS LAW IS PASSED BECAUSE OF THE CONSENSUS OF THE WILL OF THE
PUBLIC. IN THE PHILIPPINES, WE HAVE BICAMERAL SYSTEM OF LEGISLATION. IT IS CALLED
BICAMERAL BECAUSE IT IS COMPOSED OF TWO HOUSES; THE SENATE AND THE HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES. WE HAVE THREE MAJOR DIVISIONS OR BRANCHES IN THE
GOVERNMENT; THE EXECUTIVE, VESTED ON THE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT; THE
LEGISLATIVE, CITED AND EXPLAINED ABOVE; AND THE JUDICIARY VESTED ON THE SUPREME
COURT. WE ARE BEING REPRESENTED BY THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH IN MAKING LAWS.
EARLY LAWS WORLDWIDE SETTING:
1. CODE OF HAMMURABI- BABYLON (1700 B.C.)

2. MOSAIC CODE- ISRAELITES (1200 B.C.)

3. DRACONIAN CODE- GREECE (17TH CENTURY)

4. HINDU CODE OF MANU- INDIA

5. KORAN- ISLAMIC SOCIETY

6. LAW OF TWELVE TABLES- ROMANS (451-450 B.C.)

7. SUMERIAN CODE- SUMMER (3500 BC.)

8. LAW OF MOSES ( 1500 B.C.-1900 B.C.) EARLY LAWS IN THE PHILIPPINES:

• MARAGTAS CODE (1215) -THE OLDEST LAW OF PANAY ISLAND.

• KALANTIAW CODE (1433) -2ND CODE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE.

BREAKING OF LAWS
ALL VIOLATIONS OF LAWS ARE VIOLATIONS OF THE WILL OF THE MAJORITY
IN THE SOCIETY. VIOLATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THE CRIMINAL LAWS
CREATED BY THE PUBLIC THRU REPRESENTATION IS CALLED CRIME.
CRIME- IS AN ACT OR OMISSION IN VIOLATION OF CRIMINAL LAW. ACT- IS
OUTWARD MOVEMENT TENDING TO PRODUCE EFFECT.
REACTION OF THE SOCIETY TOWARDS THE BREAKING OF LAWS SOCIETY EITHER
REACTS POSITIVELY OR NEGATIVELY WHEN SOMEONE COMMITS CRIME.
HOWEVER, SELDOM HAS THE SOCIETY REACTED POSITIVELY; IT REACTS
NEGATIVELY BY IMPOSING PUNISHMENT ON THE LAW-BREAKER. PHENOMENON-
OBSERVABLE; SOMETHING WHICH CAN BE OBSERVED; ANY FACT,
CIRCUMSTANCES, OR EXPERIENCES WHICH CAN BE EXPLAINED SCIENTIFICALLY.
OBJECTIVES OF CRIMINOLOGY

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A BODY OF GENERAL AND VERIFIED

PRINCIPLES AND OF OTHER TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING
THIS PROCESS OF LAW, CRIME, AND ITS CONTROL AND
PREVENTION, AND THE TREATMENT OF THE YOUTHFUL OFFENDERS.
NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
CRIMINOLOGY CONTINUES TO BRING TOGETHER IN A VERY AMORPHOUS MANNER PEOPLE
WHO DO THE FOLLOWING KINDS OF WORK:
1. ACADEMICIANS (OFTEN SOCIOLOGISTS) WHO TEACH STUDENTS A SUBJECT CALLED
CRIMINOLOGY, INCLUDING THOSE CRIMINOLOGISTS WHO ALSO DO RESEARCH AND WRITE
ON THE SUBJECT;
2. TEACHERS WHO TRAIN OTHER PEOPLE FOR PROFESSIONAL ROLES IN CRIME CONTROL
AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE WORK;
NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
3. THOSE WHO ARE INVOLVED IN POLICY RESEARCH WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE
SYSTEM; AND
4. THOSE WHO APPLY CRIMINOLOGY THAT IS ALL THE PEOPLE WHO ARE EMPLOYED IN
CRIMINAL JUSTICE AGENCIES, RANGING FROM POLICEMEN TO LAWYERS TO PRISON
WARDENS TO CORRECTIONAL WORKERS. EVEN THIS LIST OF BROAD GROUPINGS DOES
NOT EXHAUST THE POSSIBILITIES AS CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE
INCREASINGLY PLAY PROMINENT ROLES IN THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY.
 CRIMINOLOGY DISTINGUISHED FROM OTHER
RELATED DISCIPLINES CRIMINOLOGY
AN INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE IT INVOLVES TWO OR MORE ACADEMIC FIELDS, NAMELY:
1. SOCIOLOGY
2. CRIMINAL JUSTICE,
3. POLITICAL SCIENCE,
4. PSYCHOLOGY,
5. ECONOMICS,
6. NATURAL SCIENCES
 CRIMINOLOGY DISTINGUISHED FROM OTHER
RELATED DISCIPLINES CRIMINOLOGY AND
CRIMINAL JUSTICE CRIMINOLOGY
CRIMINOLOGY DISTINGUISHED FROM OTHER RELATED DISCIPLINES
CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINAL JUSTICE
EXPLAINS THE ORIGIN, EXTENT, AND NATURE OF REFERS TO AGENCIES CRIME IN
SOCIETY OF SOCIAL CONTROL CRIMINOLOGIST CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCHOLARS -
IDENTIFY THE NATURE, -SEEK MORE EFFECTIVE EXTENT AND CAUSE OF METHODS
OF CRIME CRIME. CONTROL AND OFFENDER REHABILITATION
CRIMINOLOGY DISTINGUISHED FROM OTHER
RELATED DISCIPLINES CRIMINOLOGY AND
CRIMINAL JUSTICE OVERLAPPING AREA OF
CONCERN
CRIMINAL JUSTICE EXPERTS CANNOT BEGIN TO DESIGN EFFECTIVE
PROGRAMS OF CRIME PREVENTION OR REHABILITATION WITHOUT
UNDERSTANDING THE NATURE AND CAUSE OF CRIME. THEY REQUIRE
ACCURATE CRIMINAL STATISTICS AND DATA TO TEST THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
CRIME CONTROL AND PREVENTION PROGRAMS.
CRIMINOLOGY DISTINGUISHED FROM OTHER
RELATED DISCIPLINES CRIMINOLOGY AND
DEVIANCE STUDIES 

CRIMINAL STUDIES BEHAVIOR BEHAVIOR THAT DEPARTS FROM SOCIAL

NORMS NOTE: NOT ALL CRIMES ARE DEVIANT OR UNUSUAL ACTS AND NOT
ALL DEVIANT ACTS ARE ILLEGAL.
CRIMINOLOGY DISTINGUISHED FROM OTHER
RELATED DISCIPLINES CRIMINOLOGY AND
DEVIANCE OVERLAPPING AREA OF CONCERN. 

THERE IS A THIN LINE THAT DISTINGUISHES CRIMINAL ACT FROM DEVIANT

ACT. FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN DOES SEXUALLY ORIENTED MATERIAL CROSS THE
LINE FROM MERELY SUGGESTIVE TO OBSCENE AND THEREFORE ILLEGAL?
 IS CRIMINOLOGY A SCIENCE?

THERE IS AT PRESENT A CONTINUING ARGUMENT WHETHER CRIMINOLOGY IS A

SCIENCE OR NOT. EDWIN H. SUTHERLAND AND DONALD CRESSY BOTH AMERICAN
CRIMINOLOGIST ARGUED THAT CRIMINOLOGY IS NOT A SCIENCE BUT IT HAS HOPES
OF BECOMING A SCIENCE. HOWEVER, GEORGE L. WILKER SAID THAT CRIMINOLOGY
CANNOT POSSIBLY BECOME A SCIENCE DUE TO LACK OF UNIVERSAL PROPOSITION
OF CRIME AND SCIENTIFIC STUDIES OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR IS IMPOSSIBLE.
CRIMINOLOGY IS A SCIENCE IN ITSELF WHEN APPLIED TO LAW
ENFORCEMENT AND PREVENTION OF CRIMES UNDER THE FOLLOWING
NATURE: 1. IT IS AN APPLIED SCIENCE - IN THE STUDY OF THE CAUSES OF
CRIMES, ANTHROPOLOGY, ZOOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY AND OTHER
NATURAL SCIENCES MAY BE APPLIED. 
WHILE IN CRIME DETECTION, CHEMISTRY, MEDICINE, PHYSICS,
MATHEMATICS, BALLISTICS, PHOTOGRAPHY, LEGAL MEDICINE, QUESTION
DOCUMENTS EXAMINATION MAY BE UTILIZED. THIS IS CALLED
INSTRUMENTATION.
IT IS A SOCIAL SCIENCE - IN AS MUCH AS CRIME IS A SOCIAL CREATION AND
THAT IT EXISTS IN A SOCIETY BEING A SOCIAL PHENOMENON, ITS STUDY
MUST BE CONSIDERED A PART OF SOCIAL SCIENCE.