Professional Documents
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-enna
pathophysiology of cancer
• Neoplasm can be
benign or malignant
• benign- well differentiated resemble the
normal cell, but cant control cell
proliferation
• malignant -lost the ability to control both
proliferation and differentiation
• malignant cell also grow in absence of
growth hormone
l
Benign Tumors
Genetically instability
1. Cancer cell seem unable to correct errors
in cell division
2. May have multiple copies of
chromosomes
3. Gene mutation affect: growth regulation
and cell cycle arrest
Cell Cycle Phase
G0 cell cycle
• Pain
• Physical stress
Warning Sign of Cancer
– C-hanges in bladder or bowel habits
– A-sore that doesn’t heal
– U-nusual bleeding or discharges
– T-hickening or lumps
– I-ndigestion od diffuclty swallowing
– O-bvious changes in warts, moles, or the
skin
– N-agging cough or hoarseness of voice
– U-nexplained anemia
– S-udden loss of weight
Screening Test
• To diagnose
Disease
• To treat
Goals and task of diagnostic pathology
• Other Carcinogens
– Carcinogens, certain drugs, viruses,
chemicals, pollution, and certain infectious
agents all have the potential to cause
malignancy. It is important to live in a clean
environment to be able to avoid these triggers.
Symptoms
• Biopsy
• tissue sample is used to diagnose cancer
• Bone Scan
• Used to find cancer or see how well treatment is working
• Breast MRI
• Imaging test used to look at breast tissue
• Colonoscopy
• Used to view a part of the large intestine
• Computed Tomography (CT) Scan
• Type of imaging test used to find and learn
more about cancer
• Fecal Occult Blood Tests
• Used to find blood in the stool
• Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)
• Used to check the lower rectum, pelvis,
and lower belly
• Electrocardiogram (EKG) and
Echocardiogram
• Tests to find problems with the heart
muscle, valves, or rhythm
• Types of Endoscopy
• Procedures used to view the inside of the
body
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Imaging test done without using x-rays
• Mammogram
• X-ray that checks for breast cancer
• MUGA Scan
• Test for checking if the lower chambers of
heart are pumping blood properly
• Pap Test
• Procedure to find changes in cells that can
lead to cervical cancer
• Positron Emission Tomography and
Computed Tomography (PET-CT) Scans
• Used to find cancer and learn its stage
• Sigmoidoscopy
• Test to examine the lower part of the large
intestine
• Tumor Marker Tests
• Types of tests that look for substances
made by cells in the body in response to
cancer
• Ultrasound
• Imaging test that can show tumor's
location in the body
• Upper Endoscopy
• Used to examine the esophagus, stomach,
and top of small intestine
Prevention
Non-modifiable
Family history
Assessment
• New or changing cough, dyspnea,
wheezing, excessive sputum production,
hemoptysis, chest pain (aching, poorly
localized), malaise, fever, weight loss,
fatigue, or anorexia.
• Decreased breath sounds, wheezing, and
possible pleural friction rub (with pleural
effusion) on examination.
Diagnostic Evaluation
1. Trouble urinating
2. Decreased force in the stream of urine
3. Blood in the urine
4. Blood in the semen
5. Bone pain
6. Losing weight without trying
7. Erectile dysfunction
Causes
• Bone scan
• Ultrasound
• Computerized tomography (CT) scan
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Positron emission tomography (PET) scan
Radiation
Permanent prostate brachytherapy
Types of radiation therapy.
• Freezing prostate tissue. Cryoablation or
cryotherapy for prostate cancer involves
using a very cold gas to freeze the
prostate tissue. The tissue is allowed to
thaw and the procedure repeats. The
cycles of freezing and thawing kill the
cancer cells and some surrounding
healthy tissue.
• Heating prostate tissue. High-intensity
focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment uses
concentrated ultrasound energy to heat
the prostate tissue and cause it to die.