NAME : RIMSHA AHMED

F NAME : MANZOOR AHMED

SUBJECT : GEOPHYSICS
DEPARTMENT : GEOLOGY
DATE : 5-06-2022
ROLL NO : 12012028
ASIGNMENT NO : 01
SUBMITTED TO : SIR OWAIS NIAZI

FEDERAL URDU UNIVERSITY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

TECHNOLOGY
TOPIC :

SEISMIC SURVEY
PICTURE DESCRIPTION OF SEISMIC SURVEYING :
INTRODUCTION OF SEISMIC SURVEY :
A seismic survey is a low impact, non-invasive method of gathering information about
the location and characteristics of geological structures beneath the Earth’s surface. 
This information is used to produce maps of structures identifying areas where gas
deposits may be found.
The seismic testing is carried out by a
specially configured truck (called a vibroseis
truck) that lowers a plate onto the surface. 
This plate generates an acoustic sound signal
that is transmitted into the earth’s surface
which then reflects off the various geological
layers.  The returning sounds waves are
recorded by small microphones (geophones)
strung together that are laid along a
predetermined and prepared path called a
seismic line.
Thin cables are used to transmit the data from the geophones to a recording vehicle (small
van) which is usually positioned on the road verge.  The geophones will be spaced several
metres apart and comprise small cylinders 5-10 cm in diameter. 
The array of geophones and connecting cables will be approximately 4-5 km in length
and are laid beside the roads.  The geophones, vibroseis truck and recording vehicle
progressively move along the seismic lines in 12 m steps at a rate of 8-10 km per day. 
• For Oil and gas exploration it is an importand method .
• It is a cheap survey .
• It is used to detyermine subsurface structure , lithologies , faults and folds ,

Two types of seismic surveys :

• Land survey.
• Marine survey.

• LAND SURVEY :
A seismic survey is a low impact, non-invasive method of gathering
information about the location and characteristics of geological structures beneath
the Earth's surface. This information is used to produce maps of structures identifying
areas where gas deposits may be found.

• MARINE SURVEY :
Seismic surveys gather data about geological formations below the ground
or seabed using sound waves. A seismic survey is conducted to get
information about the geology of the seabed, or the structures beneath the
seabed.
In seismic survey we use three types of forces :
*Vibrosis.
*Hammer.
*Dynamite.
1-VIBROSIS :
We used this force in deserted areas.
2-HAMMER :
We used this on hard surface for the ground
water exploration.
3-DYNAMITE :
We used this in marshy areas . We dig the surface
and fill 5kg dynamite with chemicals.
SEISMIC WAVES :
A seismic source-such as a sledgehammer-is used to generate seismic waves, sensed by
receivers deployed along with a preset geometry (called receiver array), and then
recorded by a digital device called seismograph . Based on a typical propagation
mechanism used in a seismic survey, seismic waves are grouped primarily into direct,
reflected, refracted, and surface waves 
TYPES OF WAVES :
There are two types of seismic waves.
1-Body waves .
P Waves
S waves
2-Surface waves.
1-BODY WAVES :
There are two major classes of seismic waves: body
waves, which pass through the volume of a material; and,
surface waves, that exist only near a boundary. 
P WAVES :
 These are the fastest traveling of all seismic waves and
are called compressional or pressure or primary wave (P-wave). 
The particle motion of P-waves is extension (dilation) and
compression along the propagating direction.  P-waves travel
through all media that support seismic waves; air waves or noise
in gasses, including the atmosphere.  Compressional waves in
fluids, e.g., water and air, are commonly referred to as acoustic
waves. 
S WAVES :
The second wave type is the secondary or transverse or shear wave
(S‑wave).  S-waves travel slightly slower than P-waves in solids.  S-waves
have particle motion perpendicular to the propagating direction, like the
obvious movement of a rope as a displacement speeds along its length.  These
transverse waves can only transit material that has shear strength.  S-waves
therefore do not exist in liquids and gasses, as these media have no shear
strength. 
S-waves may be produced by a traction source or by conversion of P-waves at
boundaries.  The dominant particle displacement is vertical for SV-waves
traveling in a horizontal plane.  Dominant particle displacements are horizontal
for SH-waves traveling in the vertical plane.  SH-waves are often generated for
S-wave refraction evaluations of engineering sites. 
2-SURFACE WAVES :
  Two recognized vubrations, which exist only at "surfaces" or interfaces,
are Love and Rayleigh waves.  Traveling along a surface, these waves
attenuate rapidly with distance from the surface.  Surface waves travel
slower than body waves.  Love waves travel along the surfaces of layered
media, and are most often faster than Rayleigh waves.  Love waves have
particle displacement similar to SH-waves.  A point in the path of a
Rayleigh wave moves back, down, forward, and up repetitively in an
ellipse like ocean waves. 
Surface waves are produced by surface impacts, explosions, and waveform
changes at boundaries.  Love and Rayleigh waves are also portions of the
surface wave train in earthquakes.  These surface waves may carry greater
energy content than body waves.  These wave types arrive last, following
the body waves, but can produce larger displacements in surface
structures.  Therefore, surface waves may cause more damage from
earthquake vibrations. 
SEISMIC SURVEY METHOD :
Seismic methods involve measuring the propagation of seismic waves through earth
materials. In seismic surveys, seismic waves radiate outward from a sound source at
the surface, which can be an explosive charge or a mechanical impact. The refraction
technique uses a long array of geophones to sense refracted waves, and the reflection
technique uses a condensed array near the source to sense reflected waves (Figure
4.10). Reflection surveys are widely used to map the upper crust for oil and gas
exploration. Refraction surveys are commonly used for shallow mapping in
groundwater supply and contamination studies.
The refraction method works best for mapping interfaces that are roughly planar
and horizontal, and across which the seismic P-wave velocity increases markedly,
with the higher velocity below the interface. These conditions are often met at the
water table in unconsolidated materials and at the top of bedrock. Hence the most
common applications of shallow seismic refraction surveys are mapping the water
table and the bedrock surface. Typical acoustic wave velocities are less than 1
km/sec in unsaturated sediment, more than 1.5 km/sec in saturated sediment, and
over 3 km/sec in sound bedrock.
THANK YOU…..
SUBMITTED TO SIR OWAIS NIAZI