THE BRAIN AND BRAINSTEM

WITRI PRATIWI, dr., M.Kes.

MEDICAL FACULTY, UNIVERSITAS SWADAYA GUNUNG JATI
 HUMAN BRAIN
• The adult human brain contains almost 97% of
the body’s neural tissue.
• A brain weighs 1,4 kg & has a volume of 1200 ml.
• Brain size varies considerably among individuals.
• The brains of males are about 10% larger than
those of females, due to differences in average
body size.
 Embriology of the Brain

• The central nervous system (CNS) begins as a hollow

cylinder known as the “neural tube”.
• This tube has a fluid-filled internal cavity: “neurocoel”.
• In the cephalic portion of the neural tube, three areas
enlarge rapidly through expansion of the neurocoel
Primary brain vesicles.
• Secondary brain vesicles
 Gross Anatomy of Cerebrum
• Largest component of the brain
• Devided into right and left hemisphere
• The corpus callosum is the collection of white
matter fibers that joins these hemispheres.
• 4 lobes: Frontal, Parietal, Temporal and Occipital
lobe.
• The medial temporal lobe structures are considered
by some to be part of the so-called limbic lobe.
THE BRAIN LOBES

• Lobus Frontalis
• Lobus Parietalis
• Lobus Occipitalis
• Lobus Temporalis
The surface of the brain is folded into gyrus and sulcus
Cerebrum is devided into:
1.Telencephalon
• Cortex (gray matter)
• Subcortical (white
matter)
• Basal ganglia
2. Diencephalon
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
Gross Anatomy of Cerebrum
Sulcus centralis
• Separating Lobus Parietalis from Lobus
Frontalis
• Primary Motor Cortex & Primary
Somatosensory Cortex.

Sulcus Parieto-occipitalis
• Separating Lobus Parietalis from
Lobus Occipitalis lobe on the medial
surface.
• Precuneus & cuneus
THE BRAIN (MIDSAGITTAL VIEW)
 FUNCTIONS OF CEREBRUM

• Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions.

• Memory storage and processing.
• Conscious & subconscious regulation of skeletal
muscle contractions.
 GANGLIA BASALIS
A group of subcortical nuclei at
the base of the forebrain and top
of the midbrain.

The functions:
• Control of voluntary motor
movements
• Procedural learning, habit
learning
• Eye movements, cognition,
and emotion
 DIENCEPHALON
THALAMUS
• Relay between different subcortical areas
and cerebral cortex
• Processing centers for sensory information.

HYPOTHALAMUS
• Centers controlling emotions
• Autonomic functions
• Central of neuroendocrine function
• Control of food intake
 CEREBELLUM
Function:
• Coordinates complex somatic
motor patterns.
• Adjusts output of other
somatic motor centers in brain
& spinal cord.
 BRAIN STEM
Mid Brain (Mesencephalon)
• Processing of visual & auditory data.
• Generation of reflexive somatic motor responses.
• Maintenance of consciousness.
Pons
• Relays sensory information to cerebellum &
thalamus.
• Subconscious somatic & visceral motor centers.

Medulla Oblongata
• Relays sensory information to thalamus & to other portions of the brain stem.
• Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory & digestive
system activities).
 Blood Supply of the Brain

• Arteri vertebralis & Arteri Carotis Interna 

Circulus Willisi.
• Arteri vertebralis dextra et sinistra  passes
superiorly through Foramen Transversals of
os. Cervicalis 1-6  enter the cranial cavity
through Foramen Magnum  Arteri
Basilaris.
• Arteri carotis interna dextra et sinistra 
enter the cranial cavity through Canalis
Caroticus
 CIRCULUS WILLISI
Composed of:
• Arteri Cerebralis Anterior (dextra et sinistra)
• Arteri Communicans anterior
• Arteri Carotis Interna (dextra et sinistra)
• Arteri Cerebralis Posterior (dextra et sinistra)
• Arteri Communicans Posterior (dextra et sinistra)

Arteri Cerebralis Media : not considered part of

Circulus Willisi
 VENOUS DARAINAGE OF BRAIN

Separated into two

subdivisions:
• Superficial : cortex
cerebri
• Deep : subcortical,
basal ganglia,
diencephalon,
cerebellum, brain
stem