Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration

and Fermentation
p.248-265

Cellular Respiration 2009 1

 Voc Terms
• Cellular respiration
• Aerobic
• Anaerobic
• Glycolysis
• NAD+
• Krebs cycle
• Matrix
• Fermentation

Cellular Respiration 2009 2

 Chapter 9: Big Idea
Cellular Basis of life- How do organisms obtain
Energy

9.1- Why do most organisms undergo the

process of cellular respiration?
9.2- How do cell release energy from food in the
presence of oxygen?
9.3- How do cells release energy from food
without oxygen?

Cellular Respiration 2009 3

 THINK ABOUT IT
– You feel weak when you are hungry
because food serves as a source of
energy. How does the food you eat get
converted into a usable form of energy for
your cells?

Cellular Respiration 2009 4

 Harvesting Chemical Energy
• Cellular respiration-
complex process in which cells make ATP by
breaking down organic cpds.
• What are Autotrophs?
use photosynthesis to convert light energy
from the sun into chemical energy, stored
organic cpds
Both auto and heterotrophs undergo cellular
respiration to break organic cpds into simpler
molecules to release energy
(ATP and work)
chapter 7 biology notes 5
Chemical Energy and Food
– Where do organisms get energy?

– Organisms get the energy they need from

food.

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Chemical Energy and Food
– Food provides living things with the
chemical building blocks they need to grow
and reproduce.

– Food molecules contain chemical

energy that is released when its chemical
bonds are broken.

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 Chemical Energy and Food
– Energy stored in food is expressed in units of
calories. A Calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise
the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
1000 calories = 1 kilocalorie, or Calorie.

– Cells use all sorts of molecules for food, including

fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. The energy stored in each
of these molecules varies because their chemical structures,
and therefore their energy-storing bonds, differ.

– Cells break down food molecules gradually and use

the energy stored in the chemical bonds to produce
compounds such as ATP that power the activities of the cell.

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Overview of Cellular Respiration
What is cellular respiration?

– Cellular respiration is the process that

releases energy from food in the presence of
oxygen.

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 Glycolysis
• Is a biochemical pathway in which one 6C
molecule of glucose is oxidized to produce
two 3C molecule
Terms:
1. Pyruvic acid- 3 carbon molecule
2. NADH/FADH2- electron carrier molecule
3. Anaerobic- does not require the presence of
oxygen
4. Aerobic- requires oxygen

chapter 7 biology notes 10

Overview of Cellular Respiration
– If oxygen is available, organisms can obtain energy
from food by a process called cellular respiration. The
summary of cellular respiration is presented below.

– In symbols:
6 O2 + C6H12O6  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

– In words:
– Oxygen + Glucose  Carbon dioxide + Water +
Energy

– The cell has to release the chemical energy in food

molecules (like glucose) gradually, otherwise most of the
energy would be lost in the form of heat and light.

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Stages of Cellular Respiration
The three main stages of
cellular respiration:
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs cycle
3. Electron transport
chain.

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Stages of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis produces
only a small amount of
energy. Most of
glucose’s energy (90%)
remains locked in the
chemical bonds of
pyruvic acid at the end
of glycolysis.
(2 net ATP)

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Stages of Cellular Respiration
– During the
Krebs cycle, a little
more energy is
generated from
pyruvic acid.

– (2 Net ATP)

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Stages of Cellular Respiration
The electron
transport chain
produces the bulk of
the energy in cellular
respiration by using
oxygen, a powerful
electron acceptor.
(34- 36 Net ATP)

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 Oxygen and Energy
– Pathways of
cellular respiration
that require oxygen
are called aerobic.
The Krebs cycle and
electron transport
chain are both
aerobic processes.
Both processes take
place inside the
mitochondria.

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 Oxygen and Energy
– Gylcolysis is an
anaerobic process. It
does not directly require
oxygen, nor does it rely
on an oxygen-requiring
process to run. However,
it is still considered part
of cellular respiration.
Glycolysis takes place in
the cytoplasm of a cell.

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Comparing Photosynthesis and
Cellular Respiration

– What is the relationship between

photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

– Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide

from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration
puts it back. Photosynthesis releases oxygen
into the atmosphere, and cellular respiration
uses that oxygen to release energy from food.

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Comparing Photosynthesis and
Cellular Respiration
– Photosynthesis and
cellular respiration are opposite
processes.

– The energy flows in

opposite directions.
Photosynthesis “deposits”
energy, and cellular respiration
“withdraws” energy.

– The reactants of cellular

respiration are the products of
photosynthesis and vice versa.

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Comparing Photosynthesis and
Cellular Respiration
– The release of
energy by cellular
respiration takes place in
plants, animals, fungi,
protists, and most
bacteria.

– Energy capture by
photosynthesis occurs
only in plants, algae, and
some bacteria.

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 THINK ABOUT IT
– Food burns! How does a living cell
extract the energy stored in food without
setting a fire or blowing things up?

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 Glycolysis
What happens during the process of glycolysis?

– During glycolysis, 1 molecule of glucose,

a 6-carbon compound, is transformed into 2
molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon
compound.

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 Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the first stage
of cellular respiration.

– During glycolysis,
glucose is broken down into
2 molecules of the 3-carbon
molecule pyruvic acid.
Pyruvic acid is a reactant in
the Krebs cycle.

– ATP and NADH are

produced as part of the
process.

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The Advantages of Glycolysis
– Glycolysis produces ATP very fast,
which is an advantage when the energy
demands of the cell suddenly increase.

– Glycolysis does not require oxygen, so it

can quickly supply energy to cells when
oxygen is unavailable.

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 The Krebs Cycle
What happens during the Krebs cycle?

– During the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is

broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of
energy-extracting reactions.

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 Krebs Cycle
• Biochemical pathway that breaks down acetyl Co A,
producing CO2, hydrogen atoms, and ATP
• Hans Krebs (1900-1981), German biochemist
Five main steps that occur in the mitochondrial matrix,
aerobic process that oxidizes pyruvates to CO2
** this process yields 2 ATP same as glycolysis, but it
does give 10NADH molecules and 2 FADH2 molecules
which will drive the next stage ETC , where most
energy is transferred from glucose to ATP

chapter 7 biology notes 26

 The Krebs Cycle
– During the Krebs
cycle, the second stage of
cellular respiration, pyruvic
acid produced in glycolysis
is broken down into carbon
dioxide in a series of
energy-extracting reactions.

– The Krebs cycle is

also known as the citric acid
cycle because citric acid is
the first compound formed in
this series of reactions.

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chapter 7 biology notes 28
 Energy Extraction
– Remember! Each
molecule of glucose
results in 2 molecules of
pyruvic acid, which enter
the Krebs cycle. So each
molecule of glucose
results in two complete
“turns” of the Krebs cycle.

– Therefore, for
each glucose molecule, 6
CO2 molecules, 2 ATP
molecules, 8 NADH
molecules, and 2 FADH2
molecules are produced.

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 Electron Transport and ATP
Synthesis
How does the electron transport chain use high-
energy electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs
cycle?

– The electron transport chain uses the

high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the
Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP.

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chapter 7 biology notes 31
 Electron Transport
– NADH and FADH2 pass their high-
energy electrons to electron carrier proteins in
the electron transport chain.

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 Importance of oxygen
• ATP can be synthesized by chemiosmosis only
if electrons continue to move from molecule
to molecule in the ETC.
• The last molecule in the ETC must pass e- on
to a final electron acceptor. If not it will stop!!
• The oxygen allows for additional electron to
pass along the chain, ATP can continue to be
made through chemiosmosis

chapter 7 biology notes 33

 The Totals
How much energy does cellular respiration
generate?

– Together, glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and

the electron transport chain release about 36-38
molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose.

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 Energy Totals
– In the presence of
oxygen, the complete
breakdown of glucose
through cellular
respiration results in the
production of 36 ATP
molecules.

– This represents
about 36 percent of the
total energy of glucose.
The remaining 64 percent
is released as heat.

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 Energy Totals
– The cell can generate ATP from just
about any source, even though we’ve
modeled it using only glucose. Complex
carbohydrates are broken down into simple
sugars like glucose. Lipids and proteins can
be broken down into molecules that enter the
Krebs cycle or glycolysis at one of several
places.

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 Efficiency of cellular respiration
• glycolysis and the Krebs cycle give a max yield
of 38 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose

• It can vary from cell to cell

• As a result most euk cells produce only 36 ATP
(39% efficiency) (38 x7)/ 686
**Cellular resp is 20x more efficient than
glycolysis alone

chapter 7 biology notes 37

chapter 7 biology notes 38
 THINK ABOUT IT
– We use oxygen to release chemical
energy from the food we eat, but what if
oxygen is not around?

– Is there a pathway that allows cells to

extract energy from food in the absence of
oxygen?

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 Fermentation
How do organisms generate energy when
oxygen is not available?
– In the absence of oxygen, fermentation
releases energy from food molecules by
producing NAD+ to regenerate glycolysis.
– Takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell

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 Fermentation
– Under anaerobic conditions, fermentation
follows glycolysis. During fermentation, cells
convert NADH produced by glycolysis back into
the electron carrier NAD+, which allows
glycolysis to continue producing ATP.

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 Rumen Microbes
• The rumen is a special stomach chamber in
cows and other large hoofed mammals. It acts
as a fermentation vat and has been estimated
in some cows to contain as many as 8.2 X
10^15 microbes, including over 200 species of
bacteria, protozoa and fungi!! (adaptation for
digesting plants)

chapter 7 biology notes 42

 Fermentation
• When O2 is present CR continues as pyruvic
acid enter the pathways of aerobic
respiration.
• When no O2 is present- anaerobic
environment cells must convert pyruvic acid
into other cpds through additional
biochemical pathways that occur in the
cytoplasm
• The combination of glycolysis and these
pathways that regenerate NAD+ is
fermentation
chapter 7 biology notes 43
 Fermentation cont:
• Additional pathways do not produce ATP
• If there were not a cellular process that
recycled NAD+ from NADH, glycolysis would
quickly use up all the NAD+ in the cell
• Glycolysis would STOP! ATP production
would STOP!! fermentation pathways allow
for the continued production of ATP

chapter 7 biology notes 44

 Fermentation cont:
• There are many fermentation pathways
• They differ in terms of enzymes that are
used
• They differ in the cpds that are made from
pyruvic acid
Two common fermentation pathways result in
the production of
1. Lactic acid
2. Ethyl alcohol
chapter 7 biology notes 45
chapter 7 biology notes 46
 Alcoholic Fermentation
– Yeast and a few other microorganisms
use alcoholic fermentation that produces ethyl
alcohol and carbon dioxide.
– This process is used to produce alcoholic
beverages and causes bread dough to rise.
Chemical equation:
Pyruvic acid + NADH  Alcohol + CO2 + NAD

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 Alcoholic Fermentation cont
• The ethyl alcohol is the alcohol in alcoholic
beverages
• To make wines, the CO2 that is generated is allowed
to escape
• If you make champagne it is retained for the
carbonation
• Bread making also depends on alcoholic
fermentation performed by yeast cells, CO2
produced makes the bread rise because of the
bubbles produced the ethyl alcohol evaporates
during the baking process
chapter 7 biology notes 48
 Lactic Acid Fermentation
– Most organisms, including humans,
carry out fermentation using a chemical
reaction that converts pyruvic acid to lactic
acid.
Chemical equation:
Pyruvic acid + NADH  Lactic acid + NAD+

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 Lactic Acid Fermentation cont:
• Why is this important
LA fermentation by microorganisms play an
essential role in the manufacture of many
dairy products
Ex. Fermentation of milk spoiling, if controlled
we can use it to make buttermilk, cheese,
yogurt, sour cream

chapter 7 biology notes 50

 Lactic Acid Fermentation cont
• Also occurs in your body
Muscle cells during strenuous exercise
Muscle cells use up O2 more rapidly than it can be
delivered to them
O2 becomes depleted, muscles switch from cellular
respiration to LAF
This LA accumulated in the muscle making the cytosol
more acidic, this increased acidity may reduce the
cells ability to contract causing cramping pain,
fatigue, later id will diffuse into the blood and is
transported to the liver to be converted back to
pyruvic acid
chapter 7 biology notes 51
 Energy and Exercise
How does the body produce ATP during
different stages of exercise?

– For short, quick bursts of energy, the body

uses ATP already in muscles as well as ATP
made by lactic acid fermentation.

– For exercise longer than about 90 seconds,

cellular respiration is the only way to continue
generating a supply of ATP.

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 Quick Energy
– Cells normally contain small amounts of
ATP produced during cellular respiration,
enough for a few seconds of intense activity.

– Lactic acid fermentation can supply

enough ATP to last about 90 seconds. However,
extra oxygen is required to get rid of the lactic
acid produced. Following intense exercise, a
person will huff and puff for several minutes in
order to pay back the built-up “oxygen debt” and
clear the lactic acid from the body.

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 Long-Term Energy
– For intense exercise lasting longer than 90
seconds, cellular respiration is required to continue
production of ATP.

– Cellular respiration releases energy more

slowly than fermentation does

– The body stores energy in the form of the

carbohydrate glycogen. These glycogen stores are
enough to last for 15 to 20 minutes of activity. After
that, the body begins to break down other stored
molecules, including fats, for energy.

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 Long-Term Energy
– Hibernating animals like this brown
bear depend on stored fat for energy when
they sleep through the winter.

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chapter 7 biology notes 56
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