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  • Unit 3 Sensation and Perception

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    AAYUSHI SINGH
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    This document covers key concepts in sensation, perception, learning, problem solving, and reasoning. It discusses how sensory receptors receive stimuli and transmit neural signals, and how perception involves interpreting sensations meaningfully. Perception is influenced by individual differences but also general principles like constancies. Learning is described as a relatively permanent change in behavior through experience or practice, examining classical and operant conditioning as well as observational learning. The document also contrasts inductive and deductive reasoning, and describes approaches to problem solving and decision making.

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    This document covers key concepts in sensation, perception, learning, problem solving, and reasoning. It discusses how sensory receptors receive stimuli and transmit neural signals, and how perception involves interpreting sensations meaningfully. Perception is influenced by individual differences but also general principles like constancies. Learning is described as a relatively permanent change in behavior through experience or practice, examining classical and operant conditioning as well as observational learning. The document also contrasts inductive and deductive reasoning, and describes approaches to problem solving and decision making.

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    4 views21 pages

    Unit 3 Sensation and Perception

    Uploaded by

    AAYUSHI SINGH
    This document covers key concepts in sensation, perception, learning, problem solving, and reasoning. It discusses how sensory receptors receive stimuli and transmit neural signals, and how perception involves interpreting sensations meaningfully. Perception is influenced by individual differences but also general principles like constancies. Learning is described as a relatively permanent change in behavior through experience or practice, examining classical and operant conditioning as well as observational learning. The document also contrasts inductive and deductive reasoning, and describes approaches to problem solving and decision making.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 21

    UNIT 3: SENSATION AND

    PERCEPTION
    PROCESS:
    • SENSORY RECEPTORS (ACTIVATED BY ENERGY)
    • TRANSDUCTION (CONVERSION OF OUTSIDE STIMULI TO NEURAL
    SIGNALS)
    BASIC CONCEPTS:
    • DIFFERENTIAL THRESHOLD OR JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE
    (WEBER)
    • ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD (FECHNER)
    • HABITUATION (INVOLVES THE BRAIN)
    • SENSORY ADAPTATION (INVOLVES THE SENSORY RECEPTORS)
    PERCEPTION
    • PROCESS BY WHICH SENSATIONS ARE INTERPRETED MEANINGFULLY. 
    • IS INFLUENCED BY INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES BUT THERE ARE SOME
    GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 
    • CONSTANCIES:
    1. SIZE
    2. SHAPE
    3. BRIGHTNESS
    FIGURE-GROUND
    • TENDENCY TO PERCEIVE OBJECTS ON A BACKGROUND (USED A LOT IN
    MOTION PICTURES AND STILL PICTURES).  
    WHAT DO YOU SEE? 
    GESTALT PRINCIPLES OF GROUPING:
    PERCEPTUAL ERRORS
    • ILLUSIONS (THE HERMANN GRID, THE MOON ILLUSION)
    • PERCEPTUAL SETS OR EXPECTANCY (TOP-DOWN PERCEPTION)
    • BOTTOM-UP PERCEPTION
    THE HERMANN GRID ILLUSION 
    INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE
    REASONING
    • INDUCTIVE: PARTICULAR TO GENERAL; WIDER IN SCOPE
    • DEDUCTIVE: GENERAL TO PARTICULAR; NARROWER IN SCOPE

    • IDENTIFY THE REASONING:


    • 1. WHO COMMITTED THE CRIME?
    • 2. WHAT EXACTLY HAPPENED HERE?
    • 3. WHAT'S THE SPEED OF LIGHT IN THE UNIVERSE?
    • 4. HOW MUCH WILL IT COST TO BUILD 10 SUCH HOUSES?
    WHERE WOULD YOU PLACE
    INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE? 
    DECISION MAKING AND PROBLEM
    SOLVING
    • TRIAL AND ERROR
    • ALGORITHMS
    • HEURISTICS
    • INSIGHT
    LEARNING:
    • CHANGE IN BEHAVIOUR
    • RELATIVELY PERMANENT
    • THROUGH EXPERIENCE OR PRACTICE
    CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
    • PAVLOV'S EXPERIMENT (SALIVATING DOG)
    • FOOD- UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS
    • SALIVATION- UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE
    • BELL- CONDITIONED STIMULUS
    • SALIVATION- CONDITIONED RESPONSE
    OPERANT CONDITIONING
    • LAW OF EFFECT (THORDIKE,1911)
    • POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
    • POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
    OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
    (BANDURA,1986)
    • ATTENTION
    • MEMORY
    • IMITATION
    • MOTIVATION 
    INSIGHT LEARNING (KOHLER,1925)
    • SUDDEN PERCEPTION OF VARIOUS PARTS OF A PROBLEM LEADING TO
    A SOLUTION. 

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